Substituted nucleosides, nucleotides and analogs thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleotide analogs, methods of synthesizing the same and methods of treating diseases and/or conditions such as a Picornavirus and/or Flaviviridae infection with one or more nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleotide analogs.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified, for example, in the Application Data Sheet or Request as filed with the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57, and Rules 4.18 and 20.6.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present application relates to the fields of chemistry, biochemistry and medicine. More particularly, disclosed herein are nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleotide analogs, pharmaceutical compositions that include one or more nucleosides, nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs and methods of synthesizing the same. Also disclosed herein are methods of treating diseases and/or conditions with a nucleoside, a nucleotide and/or a nucleotide analog, alone or in combination therapy with one or more other agents.

2. Description

Nucleoside analogs are a class of compounds that have been shown to exert antiviral and anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo, and thus, have been the subject of widespread research for the treatment of viral infections. Nucleoside analogs are usually therapeutically inactive compounds that are converted by host or viral enzymes to their respective active anti-metabolites, which, in turn, may inhibit polymerases involved in viral or cell proliferation. The activation occurs by a variety of mechanisms, such as the addition of one or more phosphate groups and, or in combination with, other metabolic processes.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a picornavirus infection that can include administering to a subject identified as suffering from the picornavirus infection an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a picornavirus infection. Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a picornavirus infection.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a picornavirus infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the picornavirus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a picornavirus infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the picornavirus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a picornavirus infection by contacting a cell infected with the picornavirus with an effective amount of said compound(s).

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of inhibiting replication of a picornavirus that can include contacting a cell infected with the picornavirus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting replication of a picornavirus that can include contacting a cell infected with the picornavirus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that can be used for inhibiting replication of a picornavirus by contacting a cell infected with the picornavirus with an effective amount of said compound(s). In some embodiments, the picornavirus can be selected from a rhinovirus, hepatitis A virus, a coxasackie virus and an enterovirus.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae viral infection that can include administering to a subject identified as suffering from the Flaviviridae viral infection an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae viral infection. Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae viral infection.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae viral infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the Flaviviridae virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae viral infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the Flaviviridae virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae viral infection by contacting a cell infected with the Flaviviridae virus with an effective amount of said compound(s).

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of inhibiting replication of a Flaviviridae virus that can include contacting a cell infected with the Flaviviridae virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting replication of a Flaviviridae virus that can include contacting a cell infected with the Flaviviridae virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that can be used for inhibiting replication of a Flaviviridae virus by contacting a cell infected with the Flaviviridae virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). In some embodiments, the Flaviviridae virus can be selected from hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, dengue virus and an encephalitis virus from within the Flaviviridae virus family.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows example HCV protease inhibitors.

FIG. 2 shows example nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitors.

FIG. 3 shows example non-nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitors.

FIG. 4 shows example NS5A inhibitors.

FIG. 5 shows example other antivirals.

FIG. 6 shows example compounds of Formula (CC) and alpha-thiotriphosphates thereof, wherein R^(CC1), R^(CC2), R^(CC3a), R^(CC3b), R^(CC4), R^(CC5), R^(CC6), R^(CC7), R^(CC8), R^(CC9) and B^(CC1) are defined herein.

FIG. 7 shows example compounds of Formula (AA), wherein R^(1AA) R^(2AA), R^(3AA), R^(4AA), R^(5AA) and B^(1AA) are defined herein.

FIG. 8 shows example compounds of Formula (BB), wherein R^(BB1), R^(BB2), R^(BB3), R^(BB4), R^(BB5), R^(BB6), R^(BB7), R^(BB8), X^(BB) and B^(BB1) are defined herein.

FIG. 9 shows example compounds of Formula (I), wherein Z, O¹, R^(1A), R^(2A), R^(3A), R^(4A), R^(5A), B^(1A), Z^(1B), R^(1B), Z², O², R^(1C), R^(2C), R^(3C), R^(4C), R^(5C), B^(1C), Z^(1D) and R^(1D) are defined herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The viruses within the Picornaviridae family are non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded, spherical RNA viruses with an icosahedral capsid. Picornavirus genomes are approximately 7-8 kilobases long and have an IRES (Internal Ribosomal Entry Site). These viruses are polyadenylated at the 3′ end, and has a VPg protein at the 5′ end in place of a cap. Genera within the Picornaviridae family include Aphthovirus, Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Enterovirus, Erbovirus, Hepatovirus, Kobuvirus, Megrivirus, Parechovirus, Rhinovirus, Salivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus and Tremovirus.

Enteroviruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route and/or via aerosols of respiratory droplets, and are highly communicable. The genus of Enterovirus includes several species, including: enterovirus A, enterovirus B, enterovirus C, enterovirus D, enterovirus E, enterovirus F, enterovirus G, enterovirus Henterovirus J, rhinovirus A, rhinovirus B and rhinovirus C. Within a species of the aforementioned enteroviruses are the following serotypes: polioviruses, rhinoviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and enterovirus.

Rhinoviruses are the cause of the common cold. Rhinoviruses are named because of their transmission through the respiratory route and replication in the nose. A person can be infected with numerous rhinoviruses over their lifetime because immunity develops for each serotype. Thus, each serotype can cause a new infection.

A hepatitis A infection is the result of an infection with a Hepatitis A virus. Hepatovirus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Transmission can occur via person-to-person by ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with an infectious person.

Parechovirus include human parechovirus 1 (echovirus 22), human parechovirus 2 (echovirus 23), human parechovirus 3, human parechovirus 4, human parechovirus 5 and human parechovirus 6.

The viruses with the Flaviviridae family are enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded, spherical RNA viruses with an icosahedral shaped capsid. These viruses are polyadenylated at the 5′ end but lack a 3′polyadenylate tail. Genera within the Flaviviridae family include: Flavivirus, Pestivirus and Hepacivirus. Flaviviridae viruses are predominantly arthropod-borne, and are often transmitted via mosquitoes and ticks.

Flaviviruses include several encephalitis viruses (for example, Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)), dengue virus 1-4 (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Viruses within the Pestivirus genus include bovine viral diarrhea 1, bovine viral diarrhea 2, and classic swine fever virus.

DEFINITIONS

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. All patents, applications, published applications and other publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety unless stated otherwise. In the event that there are a plurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this section prevail unless stated otherwise.

As used herein, any “R” group(s) such as, without limitation, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R^(5A), R^(5B), R^(6A), R^(6B), R^(6C), R^(6D), R^(6E), R^(6F), R^(6G), R^(6H), R^(7A), R^(7B), R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, R¹⁷, R¹⁸, R^(A1), R^(A2), R^(A3) and R^(A4) represent substituents that can be attached to the indicated atom. An R group may be substituted or unsubstituted. If two “R” groups are described as being “taken together” the R groups and the atoms they are attached to can form a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycle. For example, without limitation, if R^(a) and R^(b) of an NR^(a)R^(b) group are indicated to be “taken together,” it means that they are covalently bonded to one another to form a ring:

In addition, if two “R” groups are described as being “taken together” with the atom(s) to which they are attached to form a ring as an alternative, the R groups are not limited to the variables or substituents defined previously.

Whenever a group is described as being “optionally substituted” that group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the indicated substituents. Likewise, when a group is described as being “unsubstituted or substituted” if substituted, the substituent(s) may be selected from one or more of the indicated substituents. If no substituents are indicated, it is meant that the indicated “optionally substituted” or “substituted” group may be substituted with one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl), (heterocyclyl)alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyl, cyano, halogen, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, azido, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido, an amino, a mono-substituted amino group and a di-substituted amino group.

As used herein, “C_(a) to C_(b)” in which “a” and “b” are integers refer to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, or the number of carbon atoms in the ring of a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group. That is, the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, ring of the cycloalkyl, ring of the cycloalkenyl, ring of the aryl, ring of the heteroaryl or ring of the heterocyclyl can contain from “a” to “b”, inclusive, carbon atoms. Thus, for example, a “C₁ to C₄ alkyl” group refers to all alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbons, that is, CH₃—, CH₃CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH₂—, (CH₃)₂CH—, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)— and (CH₃)₃C—. If no “a” and “b” are designated with regard to an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group, the broadest range described in these definitions is to be assumed.

As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain that comprises a fully saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbon group. The alkyl group may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms (whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 20 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated). The alkyl group may also be a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The alkyl group could also be a lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkyl group of the compounds may be designated as “C₁-C₄ alkyl” or similar designations. By way of example only, “C₁-C₄ alkyl” indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl and hexyl. The alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include allenyl, vinylmethyl and ethenyl. An alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain one or more triple bonds. Examples of alkynyls include ethynyl and propynyl. An alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to a completely saturated (no double or triple bonds) mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Cycloalkyl groups can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted. Typical cycloalkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

As used herein, “cycloalkenyl” refers to a mono- or multi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system that contains one or more double bonds in at least one ring; although, if there is more than one, the double bonds cannot form a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings (otherwise the group would be “aryl,” as defined herein). When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be connected together in a fused fashion. A cycloalkenyl can contain 3 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 3 to 8 atoms in the ring(s). A cycloalkenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (including fused ring systems where two carbocyclic rings share a chemical bond) that has a fully delocalized pi-electron system throughout all the rings. The number of carbon atoms in an aryl group can vary. For example, the aryl group can be a C₆-C₁₄ aryl group, a C₆-C₁₀ aryl group, or a C₆ aryl group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene and azulene. An aryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic ring system (a ring system with fully delocalized pi-electron system) that contain(s) one or more heteroatoms (for example, 1 to 5 heteroatoms), that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The number of atoms in the ring(s) of a heteroaryl group can vary. For example, the heteroaryl group can contain 4 to 14 atoms in the ring(s), 5 to 10 atoms in the ring(s) or 5 to 6 atoms in the ring(s). Furthermore, the term “heteroaryl” includes fused ring systems where two rings, such as at least one aryl ring and at least one heteroaryl ring, or at least two heteroaryl rings, share at least one chemical bond. Examples of heteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, furan, furazan, thiophene, benzothiophene, phthalazine, pyrrole, oxazole, benzoxazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, thiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, benzothiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, indole, indazole, pyrazole, benzopyrazole, isoxazole, benzoisoxazole, isothiazole, triazole, benzotriazole, thiadiazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, purine, pteridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline and triazine. A heteroaryl group may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “heterocyclyl” or “heteroalicyclyl” refers to three-, four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, up to 18-membered monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic ring system wherein carbon atoms together with from 1 to 5 heteroatoms constitute said ring system. A heterocycle may optionally contain one or more unsaturated bonds situated in such a way, however, that a fully delocalized pi-electron system does not occur throughout all the rings. The heteroatom(s) is an element other than carbon including, but not limited to, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. A heterocycle may further contain one or more carbonyl or thiocarbonyl functionalities, so as to make the definition include oxo-systems and thio-systems such as lactams, lactones, cyclic imides, cyclic thioimides and cyclic carbamates. When composed of two or more rings, the rings may be joined together in a fused fashion. Additionally, any nitrogens in a heterocyclyl or a heteroalicyclyl may be quaternized. Heterocyclyl or heteroalicyclic groups may be unsubstituted or substituted. Examples of such “heterocyclyl” or “heteroalicyclyl” groups include but are not limited to, 1,3-dioxin, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxolane, 1,3-oxathiane, 1,4-oxathiin, 1,3-oxathiolane, 1,3-dithiole, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,4-oxathiane, tetrahydro-1,4-thiazine, 2H-1,2-oxazine, maleimide, succinimide, barbituric acid, thiobarbituric acid, dioxopiperazine, hydantoin, dihydrouracil, trioxane, hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, oxazoline, oxazolidine, oxazolidinone, thiazoline, thiazolidine, morpholine, oxirane, piperidine N-Oxide, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, pyrrolidone, pyrrolidione, 4-piperidone, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, 2-oxopyrrolidine, tetrahydropyran, 4H-pyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, thiamorpholine, thiamorpholine sulfoxide, thiamorpholine sulfone and their benzo-fused analogs (e.g., benzimidazolidinone, tetrahydroquinoline and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl).

As used herein, “aralkyl” and “aryl(alkyl)” refer to an aryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and aryl group of an aryl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to benzyl, 2-phenyl(alkyl), 3-phenyl(alkyl), and naphthyl(alkyl).

As used herein, “heteroaralkyl” and “heteroaryl(alkyl)” refer to a heteroaryl group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and heteroaryl group of heteroaryl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited to 2-thienyl(alkyl), 3-thienyl(alkyl), furyl(alkyl), thienyl(alkyl), pyrrolyl(alkyl), pyridyl(alkyl), isoxazolyl(alkyl), imidazolyl(alkyl), and their benzo-fused analogs.

A “(heteroalicyclyl)alkyl” and “(heterocyclyl)alkyl” refer to a heterocyclic or a heteroalicyclylic group connected, as a substituent, via a lower alkylene group. The lower alkylene and heterocyclyl of a heterocyclyl(alkyl) may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples include but are not limited tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl(methyl), piperidin-4-yl(ethyl), piperidin-4-yl(propyl), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl(methyl) and 1,3-thiazinan-4-yl(methyl).

“Lower alkylene groups” are straight-chained —CH₂— tethering groups, forming bonds to connect molecular fragments via their terminal carbon atoms. Examples include but are not limited to methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), propylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—) and butylene (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—). A lower alkylene group can be substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen of the lower alkylene group with a substituent(s) listed under the definition of “substituted.”

As used herein, “alkoxy” refers to the formula —OR wherein R is an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) is defined herein. A non-limiting list of alkoxys are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1-methylethoxy(isopropoxy), n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, phenoxy and benzoxy. An alkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “acyl” refers to a hydrogen an alkyl, an alkenyl, an alkynyl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclyl, aralkyl, heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl) connected, as substituents, via a carbonyl group. Examples include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, benzoyl, and acryl. An acyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “hydroxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a hydroxy group. Exemplary hydroxyalkyl groups include but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl and 2,2-dihydroxyethyl. A hydroxyalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkyl, di-haloalkyl and tri-haloalkyl). Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-chloro-2-fluoromethyl and 2-fluoroisobutyl. A haloalkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, “haloalkoxy” refers to a O-alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen (e.g., mono-haloalkoxy, di-haloalkoxy and tri-haloalkoxy). Such groups include but are not limited to, chloromethoxy, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 1-chloro-2-fluoromethoxy and 2-fluoroisobutoxy. A haloalkoxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

A “sulfenyl” group refers to an “—SR” group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). A sulfenyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

A “sulfinyl” group refers to an “—S(═O)—R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfinyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

A “sulfonyl” group refers to an “SO₂R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to sulfenyl. A sulfonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An “O-carboxy” group refers to a “RC(═O)O—” group in which R can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl), as defined herein. An O-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

The terms “ester” and “C-carboxy” refer to a “—C(═O)OR” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. An ester and C-carboxy may be substituted or unsubstituted.

A “thiocarbonyl” group refers to a “—C(═S)R” group in which R can be the same as defined with respect to O-carboxy. A thiocarbonyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

A “trihalomethanesulfonyl” group refers to an “X₃CSO₂-” group wherein each X is a halogen.

A “trihalomethanesulfonamido” group refers to an “X₃CS(O)₂N(R_(A))—” group wherein each X is a halogen, and R_(A) is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl).

The term “amino” as used herein refers to a —NH₂ group.

As used herein, the term “hydroxy” refers to a —OH group.

A “cyano” group refers to a “—CN” group.

The term “azido” as used herein refers to a —N₃ group.

An “isocyanato” group refers to a “—NCO” group.

A “thiocyanato” group refers to a “—CNS” group.

An “isothiocyanato” group refers to an “—NCS” group.

A “mercapto” group refers to an “—SH” group.

A “carbonyl” group refers to a C═O group.

An “S-sulfonamido” group refers to a “—SO₂N(R_(A)R_(B))” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An S-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An “N-sulfonamido” group refers to a “RSO₂N(R_(A))—” group in which R and R_(A) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-sulfonamido may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An “O-carbamyl” group refers to a “—OC(═O)N(R_(A)R_(B))” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An O-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An “N-carbamyl” group refers to an “ROC(═O)N(R_(A))—” group in which R and R_(A) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-carbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An “O-thiocarbamyl” group refers to a “—OC(═S)—N(R_(A)R_(B))” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An O-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An “N-thiocarbamyl” group refers to an “ROC(═S)N(R_(A))—” group in which R and R_(A) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-thiocarbamyl may be substituted or unsubstituted.

A “C-amido” group refers to a “—C(═O)N(R_(A)R_(B))” group in which R_(A) and R_(B) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). A C-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.

An “N-amido” group refers to a “RC(═O)N(R_(A))—” group in which R and R_(A) can be independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(alkyl), heteroaryl(alkyl) or heterocyclyl(alkyl). An N-amido may be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “halogen atom” or “halogen” as used herein, means any one of the radio-stable atoms of column 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, such as, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

Where the numbers of substituents is not specified (e.g. haloalkyl), there may be one or more substituents present. For example “haloalkyl” may include one or more of the same or different halogens. As another example, “C₁-C₃ alkoxyphenyl” may include one or more of the same or different alkoxy groups containing one, two or three atoms.

As used herein, the abbreviations for any protective groups, amino acids and other compounds, are, unless indicated otherwise, in accord with their common usage, recognized abbreviations, or the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (See, Biochem. 11:942-944 (1972)).

The term “nucleoside” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and refers to a compound composed of an optionally substituted pentose moiety or modified pentose moiety attached to a heterocyclic base or tautomer thereof, such as attached via the 9-position of a purine-base or the 1-position of a pyrimidine-base. Examples include, but are not limited to, a ribonucleoside comprising a ribose moiety and a deoxyribonucleoside comprising a deoxyribose moiety. A modified pentose moiety is a pentose moiety in which an oxygen atom has been replaced with a carbon and/or a carbon has been replaced with a sulfur or an oxygen atom. A “nucleoside” is a monomer that can have a substituted base and/or sugar moiety. Additionally, a nucleoside can be incorporated into larger DNA and/or RNA polymers and oligomers. In some instances, the nucleoside can be a nucleoside analog drug.

The term “nucleotide” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and refers to a nucleoside having a phosphate ester bound to the pentose moiety, for example, at the 5′-position.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclic base” refers to an optionally substituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl that can be attached to an optionally substituted pentose moiety or modified pentose moiety. In some embodiments, the heterocyclic base can be selected from an optionally substituted purine-base, an optionally substituted pyrimidine-base and an optionally substituted triazole-base (for example, a 1,2,4-triazole). The term “purine-base” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and includes its tautomers. Similarly, the term “pyrimidine-base” is used herein in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and includes its tautomers. A non-limiting list of optionally substituted purine-bases includes purine, adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, alloxanthine, 7-alkylguanine (e.g. 7-methylguanine), theobromine, caffeine, uric acid and isoguanine. Examples of pyrimidine-bases include, but are not limited to, cytosine, thymine, uracil, 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5-alkylcytosine (e.g., 5-methylcytosine). An example of an optionally substituted triazole-base is 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. Other non-limiting examples of heterocyclic bases include diaminopurine, 8-oxo-N⁶-alkyladenine (e.g., 8-oxo-N⁶-methyladenine), 7-deazaxanthine, 7-deazaguanine, 7-deazaadenine, N⁴,N⁴-ethanocytosin, N⁶,N⁶-ethano-2,6-diaminopurine, 5-halouracil (e.g., 5-fluorouracil and 5-bromouracil), pseudoisocytosine, isocytosine, isoguanine, and other heterocyclic bases described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,432,272 and 7,125,855, which are incorporated herein by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing additional heterocyclic bases. In some embodiments, a heterocyclic base can be optionally substituted with an amine or an enol protecting group(s).

The term “—N-linked amino acid” refers to an amino acid that is attached to the indicated moiety via a main-chain amino or mono-substituted amino group. When the amino acid is attached in an —N-linked amino acid, one of the hydrogens that is part of the main-chain amino or mono-substituted amino group is not present and the amino acid is attached via the nitrogen. N-linked amino acids can be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “—N-linked amino acid ester derivative” refers to an amino acid in which a main-chain carboxylic acid group has been converted to an ester group. In some embodiments, the ester group has a formula selected from alkyl-O—C(═O)—, cycloalkyl-O—C(═O)—, aryl-O—C(═O)— and aryl(alkyl)-O—C(═O)—. A non-limiting list of ester groups include substituted and unsubstituted versions of the following: methyl-O—C(═O)—, ethyl-O—C(═O)—, n-propyl-O—C(═O)—, isopropyl-O—C(═O)—, n-butyl-O—C(═O)—, isobutyl-O—C(═O)—, tert-butyl-O—C(═O)—, neopentyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclopropyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclobutyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclopentyl-O—C(═O)—, cyclohexyl-O—C(═O)—, phenyl-O—C(═O)—, benzyl-O—C(═O)— and naphthyl-O—C(═O)—. N-linked amino acid ester derivatives can be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “—O-linked amino acid” refers to an amino acid that is attached to the indicated moiety via the hydroxy from its main-chain carboxylic acid group. When the amino acid is attached in an —O-linked amino acid, the hydrogen that is part of the hydroxy from its main-chain carboxylic acid group is not present and the amino acid is attached via the oxygen. O-linked amino acids can be substituted or unsubstituted.

As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to any amino acid (both standard and non-standard amino acids), including, but not limited to, α-amino acids, β-amino acids, γ-amino acids and δ-amino acids. Examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Additional examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, ornithine, hypusine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, dehydroalanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, beta-alanine, alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and norleucine.

The terms “phosphorothioate” and “phosphothioate” refer to a compound of the general formula

its protonated forms (for example,

and its tautomers (such as

As used herein, the term “phosphate” is used in its ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and includes its protonated forms (for example,

As used herein, the terms “monophosphate,” “diphosphate,” and “triphosphate” are used in their ordinary sense as understood by those skilled in the art, and include protonated forms.

The terms “protecting group” and “protecting groups” as used herein refer to any atom or group of atoms that is added to a molecule in order to prevent existing groups in the molecule from undergoing unwanted chemical reactions. Examples of protecting group moieties are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3. Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and in J. F. W. McOmie, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry Plenum Press, 1973, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of disclosing suitable protecting groups. The protecting group moiety may be chosen in such a way, that they are stable to certain reaction conditions and readily removed at a convenient stage using methodology known from the art. A non-limiting list of protecting groups include benzyl; substituted benzyl; alkylcarbonyls and alkoxycarbonyls (e.g., t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), acetyl, or isobutyryl); arylalkylcarbonyls and arylalkoxycarbonyls (e.g., benzyloxycarbonyl); substituted methyl ether (e.g. methoxymethyl ether); substituted ethyl ether; a substituted benzyl ether; tetrahydropyranyl ether; silyls (e.g., trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl, [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl or t-butyldiphenylsilyl); esters (e.g. benzoate ester); carbonates (e.g. methoxymethylcarbonate); sulfonates (e.g. tosylate or mesylate); acyclic ketal (e.g. dimethyl acetal); cyclic ketals (e.g., 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolanes and those described herein); acyclic acetal; cyclic acetal (e.g., those described herein); acyclic hemiacetal; cyclic hemiacetal; cyclic dithioketals (e.g., 1,3-dithiane or 1,3-dithiolane); orthoesters (e.g., those described herein) and triarylmethyl groups (e.g., trityl; monomethoxytrityl (MMTr); 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr); 4,4′,4″-trimethoxytrityl (TMTr); and those described herein).

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, the salt is an acid addition salt of the compound. Pharmaceutical salts can be obtained by reacting a compound with inorganic acids such as hydrohalic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with an organic acid such as aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, for example formic, acetic, succinic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, nicotinic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, salicylic or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Pharmaceutical salts can also be obtained by reacting a compound with a base to form a salt such as an ammonium salt, an alkali metal salt, such as a sodium or a potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, such as a calcium or a magnesium salt, a salt of organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, C₁-C₇ alkylamine, cyclohexylamine, triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine.

Terms and phrases used in this application, and variations thereof, especially in the appended claims, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing, the term ‘including’ should be read to mean ‘including, without limitation,’ ‘including but not limited to,’ or the like; the term ‘comprising’ as used herein is synonymous with ‘including,’ ‘containing,’ or ‘characterized by,’ and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; the term ‘having’ should be interpreted as ‘having at least;’ the term ‘includes’ should be interpreted as ‘includes but is not limited to;’ the term ‘example’ is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; and use of terms like ‘preferably,’ ‘preferred,’ ‘desired,’ or ‘desirable,’ and words of similar meaning should not be understood as implying that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function, but instead as merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment. In addition, the term “comprising” is to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or “including at least”. When used in the context of a process, the term “comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps. When used in the context of a compound, composition or device, the term “comprising” means that the compound, composition or device includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components. Likewise, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘and’ should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, a group of items linked with the conjunction ‘or’ should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should be read as ‘and/or’ unless expressly stated otherwise.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity. The indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

It is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more chiral centers, if an absolute stereochemistry is not expressly indicated, then each center may independently be of R-configuration or S-configuration or a mixture thereof. Thus, the compounds provided herein may be enantiomerically pure, enantiomerically enriched, racemic mixture, diastereomerically pure, diastereomerically enriched, or a stereoisomeric mixture. In addition it is understood that, in any compound described herein having one or more double bond(s) generating geometrical isomers that can be defined as E or Z, each double bond may independently be E or Z a mixture thereof.

Likewise, it is understood that, in any compound described, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. For example all tautomers of a phosphate and a phosphorothioate groups are intended to be included. Examples of tautomers of a phosphorothioate include the following:

Furthermore, all tautomers of heterocyclic bases known in the art are intended to be included, including tautomers of natural and non-natural purine-bases and pyrimidine-bases.

It is to be understood that where compounds disclosed herein have unfilled valencies, then the valencies are to be filled with hydrogens or isotopes thereof, e.g., hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium).

It is understood that the compounds described herein can be labeled isotopically. Substitution with isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Each chemical element as represented in a compound structure may include any isotope of said element. For example, in a compound structure a hydrogen atom may be explicitly disclosed or understood to be present in the compound. At any position of the compound that a hydrogen atom may be present, the hydrogen atom can be any isotope of hydrogen, including but not limited to hydrogen-1 (protium) and hydrogen-2 (deuterium). Thus, reference herein to a compound encompasses all potential isotopic forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

It is understood that the methods and combinations described herein include crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs, which include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound), amorphous phases, salts, solvates and hydrates. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, or the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limit, and each intervening value between the upper and lower limit of the range is encompassed within the embodiments.

Methods of Use

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating and/or ameliorating a Picornavirus infection that can include administering to a subject infected with the Picornavirus an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Other embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating and/or ameliorating a Picornavirus infection that can include administering to a subject identified as suffering from the viral infection an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing).

Some embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a Picornavirus infection that can include administering to a subject infected with the Picornavirus an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing) that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a Picornavirus infection by administering to a subject infected with the Picornavirus an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of ameliorating and/or treating a Picornavirus infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a Picornavirus infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a Picornavirus infection by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s).

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of inhibiting replication of a Picornavirus that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting replication of a Picornavirus that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), that can be used for inhibiting replication of a Picornavirus by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can inhibit a RNA dependent RNA polymerase of a picornavirus, and thus, inhibit the replication of RNA. In some embodiments, a polymerase of a picornavirus can be inhibited by contacting a cell infected with the picornavirus with a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing).

In some embodiments, the picornavirus can be selected from an Aphthovirus, an Enterovirus, a Rhinovirus, a Hepatovirus and a Parechovirus. Within the Enterovirus genus, there are several species of Enteroviruses including enterovirus A, enterovirus B, enterovirus C, enterovirus D, enterovirus E, enterovirus F, enterovirus G, enterovirus Henterovirus J. Each Enterovirus species includes several serotypes. Examples of Enterovirus serotypes include the following: poliovirus 1, poliovirus 2, poliovirus 3, echovirus 1, echovirus 2, echovirus 3, echovirus 4, echovirus 5, echovirus 6, echovirus 7, echovirus 9, echovirus 11, echovirus 12, echovirus 13, echovirus 14, echovirus 15, echovirus 16, echovirus 17, echovirus 18, echovirus 19, echovirus 20, echovirus 21, echovirus 24, echovirus 25, echovirus 26, echovirus 27, echovirus 29, echovirus 30, echovirus 31, echovirus 32, echovirus 33, enterovirus 68, enterovirus 69, enterovirus 70, enterovirus 71 and viluisk human encephalomyelitis virus. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate and/or treat an Enterovirus infection. For example, by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, to a subject infected with the Enterovirus and/or by contacting a cell infected with the Enterovirus. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can inhibit replication of an Enterovirus. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be effective against an Enterovirus, and thereby ameliorate one or more symptoms of an Enterovirus infection. In some embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus A. In other embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus B. In still other embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus C. In yet still other embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus D. In other embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus E. In still other embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus F. In yet still other embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus G. In some embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus H. In other embodiments, the Enterovirus can be Enterovirus J.

Coxsackieviruses are divided into group A and group B. Group A coxsackieviruses were noted to cause flaccid paralysis, while group B coxsackieviruses were noted to cause spastic paralysis. Over 20 serotypes of group A (CV-A1, CV-A2, CV-A3, CV-A4, CV-A5, CV-A6, CV-A7, CV-A8, CV-A9, CV-A10, CV-A11, CV-A12, CV-A13, CV-A14, CV-A15, CV-A16, CV-A17, CV-A18, CV-A19, CV-A20, CV-A21, CV-A22 and CV-A23) and 6 serotypes of group B (CV-B1, CV-B2, CV-B3, CV-B4, CV-B5 and CV-B6) are recognized. No specific treatment for coxsackievirus infections is currently approved. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate and/or treat a coxsackievirus infection. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can inhibit replication of a coxsackievirus. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be effective against a coxsackievirus as demonstrated by the amelioration of one or more symptoms of a coxsackievirus infection. In some embodiments, a coxsackievirus infection can be ameliorated, treated and/or inhibited by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, to a subject infected with the coxsackievirus and/or by contacting a cell infected with the coxsackievirus. In some embodiments, the coxsackievirus can be a coxsackievirus A. In other embodiments, the coxsackievirus can be a coxsackievirus B. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (one or more a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate and/or treat hand, food and mouth disease caused by a coxsackie A virus.

Additional species within the Enterovirus genus includes rhinovirus A, rhinovirus B and rhinovirus C. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate and/or treat a rhinovirus infection. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can inhibit replication of a rhinovirus. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can be effective against multiple serotypes of a rhinovirus. For example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used to ameliorate and/or treat 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 or more serotypes of a rhinovirus. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be effective against rhinovirus, and thereby ameliorating one or more symptoms of a rhinovirus infection. In some embodiments, a rhinovirus infection can be ameliorated, treated and/or inhibited by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, to a subject infected with the rhinovirus and/or by contacting a cell infected with the rhinovirus. In some embodiments, the coxsackievirus can be a coxsackievirus A. In some embodiments, the rhinovirus can be rhinovirus A. In other embodiments, the rhinovirus can be rhinovirus B. In still other embodiments, the rhinovirus can be rhinovirus C.

Another species of Enterovirus is Hepatovirus. Hepatitis A is a serotype of Hepatovirus. Several human genotypes of Hepatitis A are known, IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA and IIIB. Genotype I is the most common. To date, there is no specific therapy for treating a hepatitis A infection. Rather, treatment is supportive in nature. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate and/or treat a Hepatovirus infection, such as a hepatitis A virus infection. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can inhibit replication of a Hepatovirus (for example, a hepatitis A virus). In some embodiment, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can treat and/or ameliorate a genotype I of hepatitis A. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, is effective against more than one genotype of hepatitis A, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 genotypes of hepatitis A. In some embodiments, a Hepatovirus infection can be ameliorated, treated and/or inhibited by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, to a subject infected with the Hepatovirus and/or by contacting a cell infected with the Hepatovirus.

Parechovirus is another species of Enterovirus. Serotypes of Parechovirus includes human parechovirus 1 (echovirus 22), human parechovirus 2 (echovirus 23), human parechovirus 3, human parechovirus 4, human parechovirus 5 and human parechovirus 6. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate and/or treat a parechovirus infection. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can inhibit replication of a parechovirus. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, is effective against more than one serotype of a parechovirus. In some embodiments, a parechovirus infection can be ameliorated, treated and/or inhibited by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, to a subject infected with the parechovirus and/or by contacting a cell infected with the parechovirus.

Other genera of Picornavirus include the following: Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Erbovirus, Kobuvirus, Megrivirus, Salivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus and Tremovirus. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate and/or treat a picornavirus infection caused by a virus selected from Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Erbovirus, Kobuvirus, Megrivirus, Salivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus and Tremovirus. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can inhibit replication of a picornavirus selected from Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Erbovirus, Kobuvirus, Megrivirus, Salivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus and Tremovirus. A compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can ameliorate, treat and/or inhibit a virus selected from Aquamavirus, Avihepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Dicipivirus, Erbovirus, Kobuvirus, Megrivirus, Salivirus, Sapelovirus, Senecavirus, Teschovirus and Tremovirus by administering an effective amount of a compound described herein to a subject infected by the virus and/or by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of a compound described herein.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/(II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of one or more compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be effective to treat more than one genera of Picornavirus. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can be used to ameliorate and/or treat more than one species of a Picornavirus. As an example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used to ameliorate and/or treat 2, 3, 4, 5, or more species of an Enterovirus. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can be effective to treat multiple serotypes of a Picornavirus described herein. For example, a compound described herein (one or more a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can be effective to treat 2, 5, 10, 15 or more serotypes of a coxsackie virus.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating and/or ameliorating a Flaviviridae virus infection that can include administering to a subject infected with the Flaviviridae an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Other embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of treating and/or ameliorating a Flaviviridae virus infection that can include administering to a subject an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Some embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae virus infection that can include administering an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing) that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae virus infection by administering to a subject an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae virus infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae virus infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a Flaviviridae virus infection by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s).

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of inhibiting replication of a Flaviviridae virus that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), in the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting replication of a Flaviviridae virus that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), that can be used for inhibiting replication of a Flaviviridae virus by contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of said compound(s). In some embodiments, a polymerase of a Flaviviridae virus can be inhibited by contacting a cell infected with the Flaviviridae virus with a compound described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), and thereby, inhibit the replication of RNA.

HCV is an enveloped positive strand RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family. There are various nonstructural proteins of HCV, such as NS2, NS3, NS4, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B. NS5B is believed to be an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase involved in the replication of HCV RNA.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods of ameliorating and/or treating a HCV infection that can include contacting a cell infected with HCV with an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), or a pharmaceutical composition that includes one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Other embodiments described herein relate to using one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), in the manufacture of a medicament for ameliorating and/or treating a HCV infection that can include contacting a cell infected with HCV with an effective amount of said compound(s). Still other embodiments described herein relate to one or more compounds described herein (such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), that can be used for ameliorating and/or treating a HCV infection by contacting a cell infected with HCV with an effective amount of said compound(s).

Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting NS5B polymerase activity that can include contacting a cell infected with hepatitis C virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting NS5B polymerase activity that can include administering to a subject infected with hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can inhibit a RNA dependent RNA polymerase, and thus, inhibit the replication of HCV RNA. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can inhibit a HCV polymerase (for example, NS5B polymerase).

Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of treating a condition selected from liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer in a subject suffering from one or more of the aforementioned liver conditions that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing), wherein the liver condition is caused by a HCV infection. Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of increasing liver function in a subject having a HCV infection that can include administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). Also contemplated is a method for reducing or eliminating further virus-caused liver damage in a subject having an HCV infection by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing). In some embodiments, this method can include slowing or halting the progression of liver disease. In other embodiments, the course of the disease can be reversed, and stasis or improvement in liver function is contemplated. In some embodiments, liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and/or liver cancer can be treated; liver function can be increased; virus-caused liver damage can be reduced or eliminated; progression of liver disease can be slowed or halted; the course of the liver disease can be reversed and/or liver function can be improved or maintained by contacting a cell infected with hepatitis C virus with an effective amount of a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.)

There are a variety of genotypes of HCV, and a variety of subtypes within each genotype. For example, at present it is known that there are eleven (numbered 1 through 11) main genotypes of HCV, although others have classified the genotypes as 6 main genotypes. Each of these genotypes is further subdivided into subtypes (1a-1c; 2a-2c; 3a-3b; 4a-4-e; 5a; 6a; 7a-7b; 8a-8b; 9a; 10a; and 11a). In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be effective to treat at least one genotype of HCV. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing) can be effective to treat all 11 genotypes of HCV. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing) can be effective to treat 3 or more, 5 or more, 7 or more, or 9 or more genotypes of HCV. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be more effective against a larger number of HCV genotypes than the standard of care. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be more effective against a particular HCV genotype than the standard of care (such as genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and/or 6).

Various indicators for determining the effectiveness of a method for treating a HCV infection are known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable indicators include, but are not limited to, a reduction in viral load, a reduction in viral replication, a reduction in time to seroconversion (virus undetectable in patient serum), an increase in the rate of sustained viral response to therapy, a reduction of morbidity or mortality in clinical outcomes, a reduction in the rate of liver function decrease; stasis in liver function; improvement in liver function; reduction in one or more markers of liver dysfunction, including alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and/or other indicator of disease response. Similarly, successful therapy with an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutical composition described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing) can reduce the incidence of liver cancer in HCV infected subjects.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, is an amount that is effective to reduce HCV viral titers to undetectable levels, for example, to about 100 to about 500, to about 50 to about 100, to about 10 to about 50, or to about 15 to about 25 international units/mL serum. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, is an amount that is effective to reduce HCV viral load compared to the HCV viral load before administration of the compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. For example, wherein the HCV viral load is measured before administration of the compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and again after completion of the treatment regime with the compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing (for example, 1 month after completion). In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be an amount that is effective to reduce HCV viral load to lower than about 25 international units/mL serum. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, is an amount that is effective to achieve a reduction in HCV viral titer in the serum of the subject in the range of about 1.5-log to about a 2.5-log reduction, about a 3-log to about a 4-log reduction, or a greater than about 5-log reduction compared to the viral load before administration of the compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. For example, the HCV viral load can be measured before administration of the compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and again after completion of the treatment regime with the compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing (for example, 1 month after completion).

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can result in at least a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100-fold or more reduction in the replication of the hepatitis C virus relative to pre-treatment levels in a subject, as determined after completion of the treatment regime (for example 1 month after completion). In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can result in a reduction of the replication of the hepatitis C virus relative to pre-treatment levels in the range of about 2 to about 5 fold, about 10 to about 20 fold, about 15 to about 40 fold, or about 50 to about 100 fold. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can result in a reduction of the hepatitis C virus replication in the range of 1 to 1.5 log, 1.5 log to 2 log, 2 log to 2.5 log, 2.5 to 3 log, 3 log to 3.5 log or 3.5 to 4 log more reduction of the hepatitis C virus replication compared to the reduction of the hepatitis C virus reduction achieved by pegylated interferon in combination with ribavirin, administered according to the standard of care, or may achieve the same reduction as that standard of care therapy in a shorter period of time, for example, in one month, two months, or three months, as compared to the reduction achieved after six months of standard of care therapy with ribavirin and pegylated interferon.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, is an amount that is effective to achieve a sustained viral response, for example, non-detectable or substantially non-detectable HCV RNA (e.g., less than about 500, less than about 200, less than about 100, less than about 25, or less than about 15 international units per milliliter serum) is found in the subject's serum for a period of at least about one month, at least about two months, at least about three months, at least about four months, at least about five months, or at least about six months following cessation of therapy.

In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can reduce a level of a marker of liver fibrosis by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or more, compared to the level of the marker in an untreated subject, or to a placebo-treated subject. Methods of measuring serum markers are known to those skilled in the art and include immunological-based methods, e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), radioimmunoassays, and the like, using antibody specific for a given serum marker. A non-limiting list of examples of markers includes measuring the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and total bilirubin (TBIL) using known methods. In general, an ALT level of less than about 45 IU/L (international units/liter), an AST in the range of 10-34 IU/L, ALP in the range of 44-147 IU/L, GGT in the range of 0-51 IU/L, TBIL in the range of 0.3-1.9 mg/dL is considered normal. In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be an amount effective to reduce ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and/or TBIL levels to with what is considered a normal level.

Subjects who are clinically diagnosed with HCV infection include “naïve” subjects (e.g., subjects not previously treated for HCV, particularly those who have not previously received IFN-alpha-based and/or ribavirin-based therapy) and individuals who have failed prior treatment for HCV (“treatment failure” subjects). Treatment failure subjects include “non-responders” (i.e., subjects in whom the HCV titer was not significantly or sufficiently reduced by a previous treatment for HCV (≦0.5 log IU/mL), for example, a previous IFN-alpha monotherapy, a previous IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy, or a previous pegylated IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy); and “relapsers” (i.e., subjects who were previously treated for HCV, for example, who received a previous IFN-alpha monotherapy, a previous IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy, or a previous pegylated IFN-alpha and ribavirin combination therapy, whose HCV titer decreased, and subsequently increased).

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered to a treatment failure subject suffering from HCV. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered to a non-responder subject suffering from HCV. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered to a relapsed subject suffering from HCV.

After a period of time, infectious agents can develop resistance to one or more therapeutic agents. The term “resistance” as used herein refers to a viral strain displaying a delayed, lessened and/or null response to a therapeutic agent(s). For example, after treatment with an antiviral agent, the viral load of a subject infected with a resistant virus may be reduced to a lesser degree compared to the amount in viral load reduction exhibited by a subject infected with a non-resistant strain. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered to a subject infected with an HCV strain that is resistant to one or more different anti-HCV agents (for example, an agent used in a conventional standard of care). In some embodiments, development of resistant HCV strains is delayed when a subject is treated with a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, compared to the development of HCV strains resistant to other HCV drugs (such as an agent used in a conventional standard of care).

In some embodiments, an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered to a subject for whom other anti-HCV medications are contraindicated. For example, administration of pegylated interferon alpha in combination with ribavirin is contraindicated in subjects with hemoglobinopathies (e.g., thalassemia major, sickle-cell anemia) and other subjects at risk from the hematologic side effects of current therapy. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be provided to a subject that is hypersensitive to interferon and/or ribavirin.

Some subjects being treated for HCV experience a viral load rebound. The term “viral load rebound” as used herein refers to a sustained ≧0.5 log IU/mL increase of viral load above nadir before the end of treatment, where nadir is a ≧0.5 log IU/mL decrease from baseline. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered to a subject experiencing viral load rebound, or can prevent such viral load rebound when used to treat the subject.

The standard of care for treating HCV has been associated with several side effects (adverse events). In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can decrease the number and/or severity of side effects that can be observed in HCV patients being treated with ribavirin and pegylated interferon according to the standard of care. Examples of side effects include, but are not limited to fever, malaise, tachycardia, chills, headache, arthralgias, myalgias, fatigue, apathy, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, cognitive changes, asthenia, drowsiness, lack of initiative, irritability, confusion, depression, severe depression, suicidal ideation, anemia, low white blood cell counts, and thinning of hair. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be provided to a subject that discontinued a HCV therapy because of one or more adverse effects or side effects associated with one or more other HCV agents (for example, an agent used in a conventional standard of care).

In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can be ameliorate and/or treat a Flavivirus infection. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can inhibit replication of a Flavivirus.

In some embodiments, the Flavivirus can be a West Nile virus. A West Nile infection can lead to West Nile fever or severe West Nile disease (also called West Nile encephalitis or meningitis or West Nile poliomyelitis). Symptoms of West Nile fever include fever, headache, tiredness, body aches, nausea, vomiting, a skin rash (on the trunk of the body) and swollen lymph glands. Symptoms of West Nile disease include headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness and paralysis. Current treatment for a West Nile virus infection is supportive, and no vaccination is currently available for humans.

In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can treat and/or ameliorate a dengue virus, such as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. A dengue virus infection can cause dengue hemorrhagic fever and/or dengue shock syndrome. In some embodiments, a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing) can treat and/or ameliorate dengue hemorrhagic fever and/or dengue shock syndrome. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades. To date, there is no treatment for a dengue virus infection. Further, recovery from an infection of one serotype of dengue virus provides only partial and temporary immunity against the other serotypes. Subsequent infection(s) with another serotypes increases the likelihood of developing severe dengue (previously known as dengue hemorrhagic fever). A dengue infection is suspected with a high fever (approx. 104° F.) accompanied by one or more of the following symptoms: severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands and rash.

Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. As provided by the WHO, up to 50% of severely affected persons without treatment die from yellow fever. An estimated 200,000 cases of yellow fever, causing 30,000 deaths, worldwide occur each year. As with other Flaviviruses, there is no cure or specific treatment for yellow fever, and treatment with ribavirin and interferons are insufficient. In some embodiments, the Flavivirus can be yellow fever virus. Symptoms of a yellow fever infection include fever, muscle pain with prominent backache, headache, shivers, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, jaundice and bleeding (for example from the mouth, nose, eyes and/or stomach).

In yet still other embodiments, the Flavivirus can be an encephalitis virus from within the Flavivirus genus. Examples of encephalitis viruses include, but are not limited to, Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus and tick borne encephalitis. Viral encephalitis causes inflammation of the brain and/or meninges. Symptoms include high fever, headache, sensitivity to light, stiff neck and back, vomiting, confusion, seizures, paralysis and coma. There is no specific treatment for an encephalitis infection, such as Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis and tick borne encephalitis.

Various indicators for determining the effectiveness of a method for treating an Picornavirus and/or Flaviviridae viral infection are known to those skilled in the art. Example of suitable indicators include, but are not limited to, a reduction in viral load, a reduction in viral replication, a reduction in time to seroconversion (virus undetectable in patient serum), a reduction of morbidity or mortality in clinical outcomes, and/or other indicator(s) of disease response. Further indicators include one or more overall quality of life health indicators, such as reduced illness duration, reduced illness severity, reduced time to return to normal health and normal activity, and reduced time to alleviation of one or more symptoms. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can result in the reduction, alleviation or positive indication of one or more of the aforementioned indicators compared to a subject who is receiving the standard of care (for HCV) or an untreated subject (picornavirus, and other Flaviviridae infections besides HCV). Effects/symptoms of a Picornavirus infection are described herein, and include, but are not limited to, fever, blisters, rash, meningitis, conjunctivitis, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, coughing, loss of appetite, muscle aches, headache, fatigue, nausea, jaundice, encephalitis, herpangina, myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, Bornholm disease, myalgia, nasal congestion, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, dark urine and muscle pain. Effects/symptoms of a Flaviviridae virus infection are also described herein.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can result in a reduction in the length and/or severity of one or more symptoms associated with a Picornavirus or a Flaviviridae virus infection compared to a subject who is receiving the standard of care (for HCV) or an untreated subject (picornavirus, and other Flaviviridae infection besides HCV). Table 1 provides some embodiments of the percentage improvements obtained using a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, as compared to the standard of care (for HCV) or an untreated subject (picornavirus, and other Flaviviridae infection besides HCV). Examples include the following: in some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, results in a percentage of non-responders that is 10% less than the percentage of non-responders receiving the standard of care for HCV; in some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, results in a duration of illness that is in the range of about 10% to about 30% less than compared to the duration of illness experienced by a subject who is untreated for a yellow fever viral infection; and in some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, results in a severity of a symptom (such as one of those described herein) that is 25% less than compared to the severity of the same symptom experienced by a subject who is untreated for a dengue virus infection. Methods of quantifying the severity of a side effect and/or symptom are known to those skilled in the art.

TABLE 1 Percentage Percentage Percentage of non- Percentage of of viral load Number of Severity of responders of relapsers resistance rebound side effects side effect(s) 10% less 10% less 10% less 10% less 10% less 10% less 25% less 25% less 25% less 25% less 25% less 25% less 40% less 40% less 40% less 40% less 40% less 40% less 50% less 50% less 50% less 50% less 50% less 50% less 60% less 60% less 60% less 60% less 60% less 60% less 70% less 70% less 70% less 70% less 70% less 70% less 80% less 80% less 80% less 80% less 80% less 80% less 90% less 90% less 90% less 90% less 90% less 90% less about 10% about 10% about 10% about 10% to about 10% to about 10% to to about to about to about about 30% about 30% about 30% 30% less 30% less 30% less less less less about 20% about 20% about 20% about 20% to about 20% to about 20% to to about to about to about about 50% about 50% about 50% 50% less 50% less 50% less less less less about 30% about 30% about 30% about 30% to about 30% to about 30% to to about to about to about about 70% about 70% about 70% 70% less 70% less 70% less less less less about 20% about 20% about 20% about 20% to about 20% to about 20% to to about to about to about about 80% about 80% about 80% 80% less 80% less 80% less less less less Duration of Duration of Duration of Severity of Severity of Severity of illness illness illness symptom(s) symptom(s) symptom(s) 10% less 60% less about 10% 10% less 60% less about 10% to to about about 30% 30% less less 25% less 70% less about 20% 25% less 70% less about 20% to to about about 50% 50% less less 40% less 80% less about 30% 40% less 80% less about 30% to to about about 70% 70% less less 50% less 90% less about 20% 50% less 90% less about 20% to to about about 80% 80% less less

In some embodiments, the compound can be a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, wherein R^(1A) is hydrogen. In other embodiments, the compound can be a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), wherein compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II) is a mono, di, or triphosphate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. In still other embodiments, the compound can be a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), wherein compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II) is a thiomonophosphate, alpha-thiodiphosphate, or alpha-thiotriphosphate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutical acceptable salt of the foregoing, that can be used to ameliorate and/or treat a Picornavirus infection and/or inhibit replication of a Picornavirus can be any of the embodiments provided in any of the embodiments described in paragraphs [0173]-[0291].

As used herein, a “subject” refers to an animal that is the object of treatment, observation or experiment. “Animal” includes cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates and invertebrates such as fish, shellfish, reptiles and, in particular, mammals. “Mammal” includes, without limitation, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cows, horses, primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and apes, and, in particular, humans. In some embodiments, the subject is human.

As used herein, the terms “treating,” “treatment,” “therapeutic,” or “therapy” do not necessarily mean total cure or abolition of the disease or condition. Any alleviation of any undesired signs or symptoms of a disease or condition, to any extent can be considered treatment and/or therapy. Furthermore, treatment may include acts that may worsen the patient's overall feeling of well-being or appearance.

The terms “therapeutically effective amount” and “effective amount” are used to indicate an amount of an active compound, or pharmaceutical agent, that elicits the biological or medicinal response indicated. For example, an effective amount of compound can be the amount needed to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated This response may occur in a tissue, system, animal or human and includes alleviation of the signs or symptoms of the disease being treated. Determination of an effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, in view of the disclosure provided herein. The effective amount of the compounds disclosed herein required as a dose will depend on the route of administration, the type of animal, including human, being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific animal under consideration. The dose can be tailored to achieve a desired effect, but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize.

As will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the useful in vivo dosage to be administered and the particular mode of administration will vary depending upon the age, weight, the severity of the affliction, and mammalian species treated, the particular compounds employed, and the specific use for which these compounds are employed. The determination of effective dosage levels, that is the dosage levels necessary to achieve the desired result, can be accomplished by one skilled in the art using routine methods, for example, human clinical trials and in vitro studies.

The dosage may range broadly, depending upon the desired effects and the therapeutic indication. Alternatively dosages may be based and calculated upon the surface area of the patient, as understood by those of skill in the art. Although the exact dosage will be determined on a drug-by-drug basis, in most cases, some generalizations regarding the dosage can be made. The daily dosage regimen for an adult human patient may be, for example, an oral dose of between 0.01 mg and 3000 mg of each active ingredient, preferably between 1 mg and 700 mg, e.g. 5 to 200 mg. The dosage may be a single one or a series of two or more given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the subject. In some embodiments, the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more, or for months or years. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered less frequently compared to the frequency of administration of an agent within the standard of care. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered one time per day. For example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered one time per day to a subject suffering from a HCV infection. In some embodiments, the total time of the treatment regime with a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can less compared to the total time of the treatment regime with the standard of care.

In instances where human dosages for compounds have been established for at least some condition, those same dosages may be used, or dosages that are between about 0.1% and 500%, more preferably between about 25% and 250% of the established human dosage. Where no human dosage is established, as will be the case for newly-discovered pharmaceutical compositions, a suitable human dosage can be inferred from ED₅₀ or ID₅₀ values, or other appropriate values derived from in vitro or in vivo studies, as qualified by toxicity studies and efficacy studies in animals.

In cases of administration of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, dosages may be calculated as the free base. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, in certain situations it may be necessary to administer the compounds disclosed herein in amounts that exceed, or even far exceed, the above-stated, preferred dosage range in order to effectively and aggressively treat particularly aggressive diseases or infections.

Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the modulating effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC). The MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations. Dosage intervals can also be determined using MEC value. Compositions should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%. In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the drug may not be related to plasma concentration.

It should be noted that the attending physician would know how to and when to terminate, interrupt, or adjust administration due to toxicity or organ dysfunctions. Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust treatment to higher levels if the clinical response were not adequate (precluding toxicity). The magnitude of an administrated dose in the management of the disorder of interest will vary with the severity of the condition to be treated and to the route of administration. The severity of the condition may, for example, be evaluated, in part, by standard prognostic evaluation methods. Further, the dose and perhaps dose frequency, will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual patient. A program comparable to that discussed above may be used in veterinary medicine.

Compounds disclosed herein can be evaluated for efficacy and toxicity using known methods. For example, the toxicology of a particular compound, or of a subset of the compounds, sharing certain chemical moieties, may be established by determining in vitro toxicity towards a cell line, such as a mammalian, and preferably human, cell line. The results of such studies are often predictive of toxicity in animals, such as mammals, or more specifically, humans. Alternatively, the toxicity of particular compounds in an animal model, such as mice, rats, rabbits, or monkeys, may be determined using known methods. The efficacy of a particular compound may be established using several recognized methods, such as in vitro methods, animal models, or human clinical trials. When selecting a model to determine efficacy, the skilled artisan can be guided by the state of the art to choose an appropriate model, dose, route of administration and/or regime.

As described herein, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can have a moiety(ies) that neutralize the charge of the phosphate or thiophosphate. By neutralizing the charge on the phosphate or thiophosphate, penetration of the cell membrane may be facilitated as a result of the increased lipophilicity of the compound. Once absorbed and taken inside the cell, the groups attached to the phosphorus can be easily removed by esterases, proteases and/or other enzymes. In some embodiments, the groups attached to the phosphorus can be removed by simple hydrolysis. Inside the cell, the phosphate thus released may then be metabolized by cellular enzymes to the diphosphate or the active triphosphate. Likewise, the thio-phosphate may be metabolized to the alpha-thiodiphosphate or the alpha-thiotriphosphate. Furthermore, in some embodiments, varying the substituents on a compound described herein, such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can help maintain the efficacy of such the compound by reducing undesirable effects, such as isomerization.

In some embodiments, the phosphorylation of a thio-monophosphate of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be stereoselective. For example, a thio-monophosphate of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II) can be phosphorylated to give an alpha-thiodiphosphate and/or an alpha-thiotriphosphate compound that can be enriched in the (R) or (S) diastereomer with respect to the 5′-O-phosphorous atom. For example, one of the (R) and (S) configuration with respect to the 5′-O-phosphorous atom of the alpha-thiodiphosphate and/or the alpha-thiotriphosphate compound can be present in an amount >50%, ≧75%, ≧90%, ≧95% or ≧99% compared to the amount of the other of the (R) or (S) configuration with respect to the 5′-O-phosphorous atom. In some embodiments, phosphorylation of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can result in the formation of a compound that has the (R)-configuration at the 5′-O-phosphorous atom. In some embodiments, phosphorylation of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can result in formation of a compound that has the (S)-configuration at the 5′-O-phosphorous atom.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can act as a chain terminator of RNA synthesis. For example, compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II) can contain a moiety at the 2′-carbon position such that once the compound is incorporated into an RNA chain, no further elongation is observed to occur. For example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can contain a non-hydrogen 2′-carbon modification such as an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl or an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can have increased metabolic and/or plasma stability. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be more resistant to hydrolysis and/or more resistant to enzymatic transformations. For example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can have increased metabolic stability, increased plasma stability, can be more resistant to hydrolysis and/or can be more resistant to enzymatic transformations compared to a compound that is identical in structure but for having O¹ as OH, R^(A), R^(2A), R^(5A), R^(a1) and R^(a2) are each hydrogen and R^(3A) and R^(4A) are each OH. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can have improved properties. A non-limiting list of example properties include, but are not limited to, increased biological half-life, increased bioavailability, increase potency, a sustained in vivo response, increased dosing intervals, decreased dosing amounts, decreased cytotoxicity, reduction in required amounts for treating disease conditions, reduction in viral load, reduction in time to seroconversion (i.e., the virus becomes undetectable in patient serum), increased sustained viral response, a reduction of morbidity or mortality in clinical outcomes, increased subject compliance, decreased liver conditions (such as liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and/or liver cancer), and compatibility with other medications. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can have a biological half-life of greater than 24 hours. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can have a biological half-life greater than a compound that is identical in structure but for having O¹ as OH, R^(A), R^(2A), R^(5A), R^(a1) and R^(a2) are each hydrogen and R^(3A) and R^(4A) are each OH. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can have more potent antiviral activity compared to a compound that is identical in structure but for having O¹ as OH, R^(A), R^(2A), R^(5A), R^(a1) and R^(a2) are each hydrogen and R^(3A) and R^(4A) are each OH.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the presence of a moiety(ies) that neutralizes the charge of the phosphate or thiophosphate can increase the stability of the compound by inhibiting its degradation. Also, in some embodiments, the presence of a moiety(ies) that neutralizes the charge of the phosphate or thiophosphate can make the compound more resistant to cleavage in vivo and provide sustained, extended efficacy. In some embodiments, a moiety(ies) that neutralizes the charge of the phosphate or thiophosphate can facilitate the penetration of the cell membrane by a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II) by making the compound more lipophilic. In some embodiments, a moiety(ies) that neutralizes the charge of the phosphate or thiophosphate can have improved oral bioavailability, improved aqueous stability and/or reduced risk of byproduct-related toxicity. In some embodiments, for comparison purposes, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II) can be compared to a compound that is identical in structure but for having O¹ as OH, R^(A), R^(2A), R^(5A), R^(a1) and R^(a2) are each hydrogen and R^(3A) and R^(4A) are each OH.

Combination Therapies

In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein, such as a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be used in combination with one or more additional agent(s) for treating, ameliorating and/or inhibiting a Picornavirus and/or Flaviviridae viral infection.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered with one or more additional agent(s) together in a single pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered with one or more additional agent(s) as two or more separate pharmaceutical compositions. For example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered in one pharmaceutical composition, and at least one of the additional agents can be administered in a second pharmaceutical composition. If there are at least two additional agents, one or more of the additional agents can be in a first pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and at least one of the other additional agent(s) can be in a second pharmaceutical composition.

The dosing amount(s) and dosing schedule(s) when using a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and one or more additional agents are within the knowledge of those skilled in the art. For example, when performing a conventional standard of care therapy using art-recognized dosing amounts and dosing schedules, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered in addition to that therapy, or in place of one of the agents of a combination therapy, using effective amounts and dosing protocols as described herein.

The order of administration of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, with one or more additional agent(s) can vary. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered prior to all additional agents. In other embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered prior to at least one additional agent. In still other embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered concomitantly with one or more additional agent(s). In yet still other embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered subsequent to the administration of at least one additional agent. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be administered subsequent to the administration of all additional agents.

In some embodiments, the combination of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) can result in an additive effect. In some embodiments, the combination of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, used in combination with one or more additional agent(s) can result in a synergistic effect. In some embodiments, the combination of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, used in combination with one or more additional agent(s) can result in a strongly synergistic effect. In some embodiments, the combination of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) is not antagonistic.

As used herein, the term “antagonistic” means that the activity of the combination of compounds is less compared to the sum of the activities of the compounds in combination when the activity of each compound is determined individually (i.e. as a single compound). As used herein, the term “synergistic effect” means that the activity of the combination of compounds is greater than the sum of the individual activities of the compounds in the combination when the activity of each compound is determined individually. As used herein, the term “additive effect” means that the activity of the combination of compounds is about equal to the sum of the individual activities of the compound in the combination when the activity of each compound is determined individually.

A potential advantage of utilizing a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) may be a reduction in the required amount(s) of one or more additional agent(s) that is effective in treating a disease condition disclosed herein (for example, picornavirus and/or Flaviviridae virus infection), as compared to the amount required to achieve same therapeutic result when one or more additional agent(s) are administered without a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. For example, for treating HCV, the amount of a compound in FIGS. 1-9 (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), can be less compared to the amount of the compound in FIGS. 1-9 (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), needed to achieve the same viral load reduction when administered as a monotherapy. Another potential advantage of utilizing a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) is that the use of two or more compounds having different mechanism of actions can create a higher barrier to the development of resistant viral strains compared to the barrier when a compound is administered as monotherapy.

Additional advantages of utilizing a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more additional agent(s) may include little to no cross resistance between a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and one or more additional agent(s) thereof; different routes for elimination of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and one or more additional agent(s); little to no overlapping toxicities between a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and one or more additional agent(s); little to no significant effects on cytochrome P450; little to no pharmacokinetic interactions between a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, and one or more additional agent(s); greater percentage of subjects achieving a sustained viral response compared to when a compound is administered as monotherapy and/or a decrease in treatment time to achieve a sustained viral response compared to when a compound is administered as monotherapy.

For treating of a picornavirus and/or a Flaviviridae virus infection other than HCV, examples of additional agents that can be used in combination with a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, include, but are not limited to, ribavirin and an interferon (including those described herein).

For the treatment of HCV, examples of additional agents that can be used in combination with a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, include, but are not limited to, agents currently used in a conventional standard of care for treating HCV, HCV protease inhibitors, HCV polymerase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, other antiviral compounds, compounds of Formula (AA), (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutical compositions that can include a compound of Formula (AA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), compounds of Formula (BB) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutical compositions that can include a compound of Formula (BB), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), compounds of Formula (CC) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and pharmaceutical compositions that can include a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof), and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used with one, two, three or more additional agents described herein. A non-limiting list of examples of combinations of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, is provided in Tables A, B, C, D and E.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with an agent(s) currently used in a conventional standard of care therapy. For example, for the treatment of HCV, a compound disclosed herein can be used in combination with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a (brand name PEGASYS®) and ribavirin, Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand name PEG-INTRON®) and ribavirin, Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a, Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b, or ribavirin.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be substituted for an agent currently used in a conventional standard of care therapy. For example, for the treatment of HCV, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in place of ribavirin.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with an interferon, such as a pegylated interferon. Examples of suitable interferons include, but are not limited to, Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a (brand name PEGASYS®), Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand name PEG-INTRON®), interferon alfacon-1 (brand name INFERGEN®), pegylated interferon lambda and/or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with a HCV protease inhibitor. A non-limiting list of example HCV protease inhibitors include the following: VX-950 (TELAPREVIR®), MK-5172, ABT-450, BILN-2061, BI-201335, BMS-650032, SCH 503034 (BOCEPREVIR®), GS-9256, GS-9451, IDX-320, ACH-1625, ACH-2684, TMC-435, ITMN-191 (DANOPREVIR®) and/or a combination thereof. Additional HCV protease inhibitors suitable for use in combination with a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, include VP-19744, PSI-879, VCH-759/VX-759, HCV-371, IDX-375, GL-60667, JTK-109, PSI-6130, R1479, R-1626, R-7182, MK-0608, INX-8014, INX-8018, A-848837, A-837093, BILB-1941, VCH-916, VCH-716, GSK-71185, GSK-625433, XTL-2125 and those disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2012/142085, which is hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of its disclosure of HCV protease inhibitors, HCV polymerase inhibitors and NS5A inhibitors. A non-limiting list of example HCV protease inhibitors includes the compounds numbered 1001-1016 in FIG. 1.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with a HCV polymerase inhibitor. In some embodiments, the HCV polymerase inhibitor can be a nucleoside inhibitor. In other embodiments, the HCV polymerase inhibitor can be a non-nucleoside inhibitor. Examples of suitable nucleoside inhibitors include, but are not limited to, RG7128, PSI-7851, PSI-7977, INX-189, PSI-352938, PSI-661, 4′-azidouridine (including known prodrugs of 4′-azidouridine), GS-6620, IDX-184, and TMC649128 and/or combinations thereof. A non-limiting list of example nucleoside inhibitors includes compounds numbered 2001-2012 in FIG. 2. Examples of suitable non-nucleoside inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ABT-333, ANA-598, VX-222, HCV-796, BI-207127, GS-9190, PF-00868554 (FILIBUVIR®), VX-497 and/or combinations thereof. A non-limiting list of example non-nucleoside inhibitors includes the compounds numbered 3001-3014 in FIG. 3. Further HCV polymerase inhibitors suitable for use in combination with a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, include VX-500, VX-813, VBY-376, TMC-435350, EZ-058, EZ-063, GS-9132, ACH-1095, IDX-136, IDX-316, ITMN-8356, ITMN-8347, ITMN-8096, ITMN-7587, VX-985, and those disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2012/142085.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with a NS5A inhibitor. Examples of NS5A inhibitors include BMS-790052, PPI-461, ACH-2928, GS-5885, BMS-824393 and/or combinations thereof. A non-limiting list of example NS5A inhibitors includes the compounds numbered 4001-4012 in FIG. 4. Additional NS5A inhibitors suitable for use in combination with a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, include A-832, PPI-1301 and those disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2012/142085.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with other antiviral compounds. Examples of other antiviral compounds include, but are not limited to, Debio-025, a MIR-122 inhibitor (for example, Miravirsen (SPC3649)), cyclosporin A and/or combinations thereof. A non-limiting list of example other antiviral compounds includes the compounds numbered 5001-5011 in FIG. 5.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with a compound of Formula (AA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formula (AA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (see, U.S. Publication No. 2013/0164261 A1, filed Dec. 20, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety):

wherein: B^(AA1) can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; R^(AA1) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(AA2) can be absent or selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl and

wherein R^(AA6), R^(AA7) and R^(AA8) can be independently absent or hydrogen, and n^(AA) can be 0 or 1; provided that when R^(AA1) is O⁻ or OH, then R^(AA2) is absent, hydrogen or

R^(AA3) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, —OR^(AA9) and —OC(═O)R^(AA10); R^(AA4) can be selected from halogen, —OR^(AA11) and —OC(═O)R^(AA12); or R^(AA3) and R^(AA4) can be both an oxygen atom which are linked together by a carbonyl group; R^(AA5) can be selected from an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl; or R^(AA4) and R^(AA5) together can form —(C₁₋₆alkyl)-O— or —O—(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-; R^(AA9) and R^(AA11) can be independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R^(AA10) and R^(AA12) can be independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl or an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. A non-limiting list of examples of compounds of Formula (AA) includes the compounds numbered 7000-7027 in FIG. 7.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with a compound of Formula (BB), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formula (BB), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (see, U.S. Publication No. 2012/0165286, published Jun. 28, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties):

wherein B^(BB1) can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; X^(BB) can be O (oxygen) or S (sulfur); R^(BB1) can be selected from —Z^(BB)—R^(BB9), an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; Z^(BB) can be selected from O (oxygen), S (sulfur) and N(R^(BB10)); R^(BB2) and R^(BB3) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); or R^(BB2) and R^(BB3) can be taken together to form a group selected from an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆aryl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆heteroaryl; R^(BB4) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl and an optionally substituted allenyl; R^(BB5) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(BB6) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, amino, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(BB11) and —OC(═O)R^(BB12); R^(BB7) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OR^(BB13) and —OC(═O)R^(BB14); R^(BB8) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(BB15) and —OC(═O)R^(BB16); R^(BB9) can be selected from an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), an optionally substituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆alkyl) and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆alkyl); R^(BB10) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), an optionally substituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆alkyl) and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆alkyl); R^(BB11), R^(BB13) and R^(BB15) can be independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R^(BB12), R^(BB14) and R^(BB16) can be independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R^(BB2) and R^(BB3) is not hydrogen. A non-limiting list of example compounds of Formula (BB) includes the compound numbered 8000-8016 in FIG. 8.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, can be used in combination with a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (see, U.S. Publication No. 2012/0071434, published Mar. 22, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety):

wherein B^(CC1) can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; R^(CC1) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(CC2) can be selected from an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl and

wherein R^(CC19), R^(CC20) and R^(CC21) can be independently absent or hydrogen, and n^(CC) can be 0 or 1; provided that when R^(CC1) is O⁻ or OH, then R^(CC2) is

R^(CC3a) and R^(CC3b) can be independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ haloalkyl and aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); or R^(CC3a) and R^(CC3b) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl; R^(CC4) can be selected from hydrogen, azido, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; R^(CC5) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(CC10) and —OC(═O)R^(CC11); R^(CC6) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(CC12) and —OC(═O)R^(CC13); R^(CC7) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, —OR^(CC14) and —OC(═O)R^(CC15); or R^(CC6) and R^(CC7) can be both oxygen atoms and linked together by a carbonyl group; R^(CC8) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, —OR^(CC16) and —OC(═O)R^(CC17); R^(CC9) can be selected from hydrogen, azido, cyano, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl and —OR^(CC18); R^(CC10), R^(CC12), R^(CC14), R^(CC16) and R^(CC18) can be independently selected from hydrogen and an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and R^(CC11), R^(CC13), R^(CC15) and R^(CC17) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, when R^(CC3a) R^(CC3b), R^(CC4), R^(CC5), R^(CC7), R^(CC8) and R^(CC9) are all hydrogen, then R^(CC6) is not azido. In some embodiments, R^(CC2) cannot be

when R^(CC3a) is hydrogen, R^(CC3b) is hydrogen, R^(CC4) is H, R^(CC5) is OH or H, R^(CC6) is hydrogen, OH, or —OC(═O)CH₃, R^(CC7) is hydrogen, OH, OCH₃ or —OC(═O)CH₃, R^(CC8) is hydrogen, OH or OCH₃, R^(CC9) is H and B^(CC1) is an optionally substituted adenine, an optionally substituted guanine, an optionally substituted uracil or an optionally substituted hypoxanthine. In some embodiments, R^(CC2) cannot be

A non-limiting list of examples of compounds of Formula (CC) includes the compounds numbered 6000-6078 in FIG. 6.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of ameliorating or treating a Picornavirus and/or a Flaviviridae viral infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB) and a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds. Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of ameliorating or treating a HCV infection that can include contacting a cell infected with the HCV infection with an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a HCV protease inhibitor, a HCV polymerase inhibitor, a NS5A inhibitor, an antiviral compound, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB) and a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of ameliorating or treating a Picornavirus and/or a Flaviviridae viral infection that can include administering to a subject suffering from the viral infection an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB) and a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds. Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of ameliorating or treating a HCV infection that can include administering to a subject suffering from the HCV infection an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a HCV protease inhibitor, a HCV polymerase inhibitor, a NS5A inhibitor, an antiviral compound, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB) and a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting the replication of a Picornavirus and/or a Flaviviridae virus that can include contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB) and a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds. Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting the replication of a hepatitis C virus that can include contacting a cell infected with the hepatitis C virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a HCV protease inhibitor, a HCV polymerase inhibitor, a NS5A inhibitor, an antiviral compound, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB) and a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds.

Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting the replication of a Picornavirus and/or a Flaviviridae virus that can include administering to a subject infected with the virus an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB) and a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds. Some embodiments described herein relate to a method of inhibiting the replication of a hepatitis C virus that can include administering to a subject infected with the hepatitis C virus an effective amount of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, in combination with one or more agents selected from an interferon, ribavirin, a HCV protease inhibitor, a HCV polymerase inhibitor, a NS5A inhibitor, an antiviral compound, a compound of Formula (AA), a compound of Formula (BB), a compound of Formula (CC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any of the aforementioned compounds.

A non-limiting list of example combination of compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, or a pharmaceutical composition that includes a compound described herein, with one or more additional agent(s) are provided in Tables A, B, C, D and E. Each numbered X and Y compound in Tables A, B, C, D and E has a corresponding name and/or structure provided in FIGS. 1-9. The numbered compounds in Tables A, B, C, D and E includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. For example, 1001 includes the compound corresponding to 1001, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions that include compound 1001 and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The combinations exemplified in Tables A, B, C, D and E are designated by the formula X:Y, which represents a combination of a compound X with a compound Y. For example, the combination designated as 1001:9044 in Table A represents a combination of compound 1001 with compound 9044, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compound 1001 and/or 9044, and pharmaceutical compositions including compound 1001 and 9044 (including pharmaceutical compositions that include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compound 1001 and/or compound 9044). Thus, the combination designated as 1001:9044 in Table A represents the combination of Telaprevir (compound 1001, as shown in FIG. 1) and

(compound 9044, as shown in FIG. 9), including pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compound 1001 and/or 9044, and pharmaceutical compositions including compound 1001 and 9044 (including pharmaceutical compositions that include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compound 1001 and/or compound 9044). Each of the combinations provided in Tables A, B, C, D and E can be used with one, two, three or more additional agents described herein. In some embodiments described herein, the combination of agents can be used to treat, ameliorate and/or inhibit a virus and/or a viral infection, wherein the virus can be Picornavirus and/or Flaviviridae virus and the viral infection can be a Picornavirus viral infection and/or Flaviviridae virus.

TABLE A Example combinations of a compound X with a compound Y. X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y 1001:9006 1001:9007 1001:9008 1001:9018 1001:9020 1001:9021 1002:9006 1002:9007 1002:9008 1002:9018 1002:9020 1002:9021 1003:9006 1003:9007 1003:9008 1003:9018 1003:9020 1003:9021 1004:9006 1004:9007 1004:9008 1004:9018 1004:9020 1004:9021 1005:9006 1005:9007 1005:9008 1005:9018 1005:9020 1005:9021 1006:9006 1006:9007 1006:9008 1006:9018 1006:9020 1006:9021 1007:9006 1007:9007 1007:9008 1007:9018 1007:9020 1007:9021 1008:9006 1008:9007 1008:9008 1008:9018 1008:9020 1008:9021 1009:9006 1009:9007 1009:9008 1009:9018 1009:9020 1009:9021 1010:9006 1010:9007 1010:9008 1010:9018 1010:9020 1010:9021 1011:9006 1011:9007 1011:9008 1011:9018 1011:9020 1011:9021 1012:9006 1012:9007 1012:9008 1012:9018 1012:9020 1012:9021 1013:9006 1013:9007 1013:9008 1013:9018 1013:9020 1013:9021 1014:9006 1014:9007 1014:9008 1014:9018 1014:9020 1014:9021 1015:9006 1015:9007 1015:9008 1015:9018 1015:9020 1015:9021 1016:9006 1016:9007 1016:9008 1016:9018 1016:9020 1016:9021 2001:9006 2001:9007 2001:9008 2001:9018 2001:9020 2001:9021 2002:9006 2002:9007 2002:9008 2002:9018 2002:9020 2002:9021 2003:9006 2003:9007 2003:9008 2003:9018 2003:9020 2003:9021 2004:9006 2004:9007 2004:9008 2004:9018 2004:9020 2004:9021 2005:9006 2005:9007 2005:9008 2005:9018 2005:9020 2005:9021 2006:9006 2006:9007 2006:9008 2006:9018 2006:9020 2006:9021 2007:9006 2007:9007 2007:9008 2007:9018 2007:9020 2007:9021 2008:9006 2008:9007 2008:9008 2008:9018 2008:9020 2008:9021 2009:9006 2009:9007 2009:9008 2009:9018 2009:9020 2009:9021 2010:9006 2010:9007 2010:9008 2010:9018 2010:9020 2010:9021 2011:9006 2011:9007 2011:9008 2011:9018 2011:9020 2011:9021 2012:9006 2012:9007 2012:9008 2012:9018 2012:9020 2012:9021 1001:9025 1001:9026 1001:9036 1001:9038 1001:9039 1001:9040 1002:9025 1002:9026 1002:9036 1002:9038 1002:9039 1002:9040 1003:9025 1003:9026 1003:9036 1003:9038 1003:9039 1003:9040 1004:9025 1004:9026 1004:9036 1004:9038 1004:9039 1004:9040 1005:9025 1005:9026 1005:9036 1005:9038 1005:9039 1005:9040 1006:9025 1006:9026 1006:9036 1006:9038 1006:9039 1006:9040 1007:9025 1007:9026 1007:9036 1007:9038 1007:9039 1007:9040 1008:9025 1008:9026 1008:9036 1008:9038 1008:9039 1008:9040 1009:9025 1009:9026 1009:9036 1009:9038 1009:9039 1009:9040 1010:9025 1010:9026 1010:9036 1010:9038 1010:9039 1010:9040 1011:9025 1011:9026 1011:9036 1011:9038 1011:9039 1011:9040 1012:9025 1012:9026 1012:9036 1012:9038 1012:9039 1012:9040 1013:9025 1013:9026 1013:9036 1013:9038 1013:9039 1013:9040 1014:9025 1014:9026 1014:9036 1014:9038 1014:9039 1014:9040 1015:9025 1015:9026 1015:9036 1015:9038 1015:9039 1015:9040 1016:9025 1016:9026 1016:9036 1016:9038 1016:9039 1016:9040 2001:9025 2001:9026 2001:9036 2001:9038 2001:9039 2001:9040 2002:9025 2002:9026 2002:9036 2002:9038 2002:9039 2002:9040 2003:9025 2003:9026 2003:9036 2003:9038 2003:9039 2003:9040 2004:9025 2004:9026 2004:9036 2004:9038 2004:9039 2004:9040 2005:9025 2005:9026 2005:9036 2005:9038 2005:9039 2005:9040 2006:9025 2006:9026 2006:9036 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2005:9299 2006:9294 2006:9295 2006:9296 2006:9297 2006:9298 2006:9299 2007:9294 2007:9295 2007:9296 2007:9297 2007:9298 2007:9299 2008:9294 2008:9295 2008:9296 2008:9297 2008:9298 2008:9299 2009:9294 2009:9295 2009:9296 2009:9297 2009:9298 2009:9299 2010:9294 2010:9295 2010:9296 2010:9297 2010:9298 2010:9299 2011:9294 2011:9295 2011:9296 2011:9297 2011:9298 2011:9299 2012:9294 2012:9295 2012:9296 2012:9297 2012:9298 2012:9299 1001:9300 1001:9301 1001:9302 1001:9303 1001:9304 1001:9305 1002:9300 1002:9301 1002:9302 1002:9303 1002:9304 1002:9305 1003:9300 1003:9301 1003:9302 1003:9303 1003:9304 1003:9305 1004:9300 1004:9301 1004:9302 1004:9303 1004:9304 1004:9305 1005:9300 1005:9301 1005:9302 1005:9303 1005:9304 1005:9305 1006:9300 1006:9301 1006:9302 1006:9303 1006:9304 1006:9305 1007:9300 1007:9301 1007:9302 1007:9303 1007:9304 1007:9305 1008:9300 1008:9301 1008:9302 1008:9303 1008:9304 1008:9305 1009:9300 1009:9301 1009:9302 1009:9303 1009:9304 1009:9305 1010:9300 1010:9301 1010:9302 1010:9303 1010:9304 1010:9305 1011:9300 1011:9301 1011:9302 1011:9303 1011:9304 1011:9305 1012:9300 1012:9301 1012:9302 1012:9303 1012:9304 1012:9305 1013:9300 1013:9301 1013:9302 1013:9303 1013:9304 1013:9305 1014:9300 1014:9301 1014:9302 1014:9303 1014:9304 1014:9305 1015:9300 1015:9301 1015:9302 1015:9303 1015:9304 1015:9305 1016:9300 1016:9301 1016:9302 1016:9303 1016:9304 1016:9305 2001:9300 2001:9301 2001:9302 2001:9303 2001:9304 2001:9305 2002:9300 2002:9301 2002:9302 2002:9303 2002:9304 2002:9305 2003:9300 2003:9301 2003:9302 2003:9303 2003:9304 2003:9305 2004:9300 2004:9301 2004:9302 2004:9303 2004:9304 2004:9305 2005:9300 2005:9301 2005:9302 2005:9303 2005:9304 2005:9305 2006:9300 2006:9301 2006:9302 2006:9303 2006:9304 2006:9305 2007:9300 2007:9301 2007:9302 2007:9303 2007:9304 2007:9305 2008:9300 2008:9301 2008:9302 2008:9303 2008:9304 2008:9305 2009:9300 2009:9301 2009:9302 2009:9303 2009:9304 2009:9305 2010:9300 2010:9301 2010:9302 2010:9303 2010:9304 2010:9305 2011:9300 2011:9301 2011:9302 2011:9303 2011:9304 2011:9305 2012:9300 2012:9301 2012:9302 2012:9303 2012:9304 2012:9305 1001:9306 1001:9307 1001:9308 1001:9309 1001:9310 — 1002:9306 1002:9307 1002:9308 1002:9309 1002:9310 1003:9306 1003:9307 1003:9308 1003:9309 1003:9310 1004:9306 1004:9307 1004:9308 1004:9309 1004:9310 1005:9306 1005:9307 1005:9308 1005:9309 1005:9310 1006:9306 1006:9307 1006:9308 1006:9309 1006:9310 1007:9306 1007:9307 1007:9308 1007:9309 1007:9310 1008:9306 1008:9307 1008:9308 1008:9309 1008:9310 1009:9306 1009:9307 1009:9308 1009:9309 1009:9310 1010:9306 1010:9307 1010:9308 1010:9309 1010:9310 1011:9306 1011:9307 1011:9308 1011:9309 1011:9310 1012:9306 1012:9307 1012:9308 1012:9309 1012:9310 1013:9306 1013:9307 1013:9308 1013:9309 1013:9310 1014:9306 1014:9307 1014:9308 1014:9309 1014:9310 1015:9306 1015:9307 1015:9308 1015:9309 1015:9310 1016:9306 1016:9307 1016:9308 1016:9309 1016:9310 2001:9306 2001:9307 2001:9308 2001:9309 2001:9310 2002:9306 2002:9307 2002:9308 2002:9309 2002:9310 2003:9306 2003:9307 2003:9308 2003:9309 2003:9310 2004:9306 2004:9307 2004:9308 2004:9309 2004:9310 2005:9306 2005:9307 2005:9308 2005:9309 2005:9310 2006:9306 2006:9307 2006:9308 2006:9309 2006:9310 2007:9306 2007:9307 2007:9308 2007:9309 2007:9310 2008:9306 2008:9307 2008:9308 2008:9309 2008:9310 2009:9306 2009:9307 2009:9308 2009:9309 2009:9310 2010:9306 2010:9307 2010:9308 2010:9309 2010:9310 2011:9306 2011:9307 2011:9308 2011:9309 2011:9310 2012:9306 2012:9307 2012:9308 2012:9309 2012:9310

TABLE B Example combinations of a compound X with a compound Y. X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y 3002:9006 3002:9007 3002:9008 3002:9018 3002:9020 3002:9021 3003:9006 3003:9007 3003:9008 3003:9018 3003:9020 3003:9021 3004:9006 3004:9007 3004:9008 3004:9018 3004:9020 3004:9021 3005:9006 3005:9007 3005:9008 3005:9018 3005:9020 3005:9021 3006:9006 3006:9007 3006:9008 3006:9018 3006:9020 3006:9021 3007:9006 3007:9007 3007:9008 3007:9018 3007:9020 3007:9021 3008:9006 3008:9007 3008:9008 3008:9018 3008:9020 3008:9021 3009:9006 3009:9007 3009:9008 3009:9018 3009:9020 3009:9021 3010:9006 3010:9007 3010:9008 3010:9018 3010:9020 3010:9021 3011:9006 3011:9007 3011:9008 3011:9018 3011:9020 3011:9021 3012:9006 3012:9007 3012:9008 3012:9018 3012:9020 3012:9021 3013:9006 3013:9007 3013:9008 3013:9018 3013:9020 3013:9021 3014:9006 3014:9007 3014:9008 3014:9018 3014:9020 3014:9021 4001:9006 4001:9007 4001:9008 4001:9018 4001:9020 4001:9021 4002:9006 4002:9007 4002:9008 4002:9018 4002:9020 4002:9021 4003:9006 4003:9007 4003:9008 4003:9018 4003:9020 4003:9021 4004:9006 4004:9007 4004:9008 4004:9018 4004:9020 4004:9021 4005:9006 4005:9007 4005:9008 4005:9018 4005:9020 4005:9021 4006:9006 4006:9007 4006:9008 4006:9018 4006:9020 4006:9021 4007:9006 4007:9007 4007:9008 4007:9018 4007:9020 4007:9021 4008:9006 4008:9007 4008:9008 4008:9018 4008:9020 4008:9021 4009:9006 4009:9007 4009:9008 4009:9018 4009:9020 4009:9021 4010:9006 4010:9007 4010:9008 4010:9018 4010:9020 4010:9021 4011:9006 4011:9007 4011:9008 4011:9018 4011:9020 4011:9021 4012:9006 4012:9007 4012:9008 4012:9018 4012:9020 4012:9021 5001:9006 5001:9007 5001:9008 5001:9018 5001:9020 5001:9021 5002:9006 5002:9007 5002:9008 5002:9018 5002:9020 5002:9021 5003:9006 5003:9007 5003:9008 5003:9018 5003:9020 5003:9021 5004:9006 5004:9007 5004:9008 5004:9018 5004:9020 5004:9021 5005:9006 5005:9007 5005:9008 5005:9018 5005:9020 5005:9021 5006:9006 5006:9007 5006:9008 5006:9018 5006:9020 5006:9021 5007:9006 5007:9007 5007:9008 5007:9018 5007:9020 5007:9021 5008:9006 5008:9007 5008:9008 5008:9018 5008:9020 5008:9021 5009:9006 5009:9007 5009:9008 5009:9018 5009:9020 5009:9021 5010:9006 5010:9007 5010:9008 5010:9018 5010:9020 5010:9021 5011:9006 5011:9007 5011:9008 5011:9018 5011:9020 5011:9021 3002:9025 3002:9026 3002:9036 3002:9038 3002:9039 3002:9040 3003:9025 3003:9026 3003:9036 3003:9038 3003:9039 3003:9040 3004:9025 3004:9026 3004:9036 3004:9038 3004:9039 3004:9040 3005:9025 3005:9026 3005:9036 3005:9038 3005:9039 3005:9040 3006:9025 3006:9026 3006:9036 3006:9038 3006:9039 3006:9040 3007:9025 3007:9026 3007:9036 3007:9038 3007:9039 3007:9040 3008:9025 3008:9026 3008:9036 3008:9038 3008:9039 3008:9040 3009:9025 3009:9026 3009:9036 3009:9038 3009:9039 3009:9040 3010:9025 3010:9026 3010:9036 3010:9038 3010:9039 3010:9040 3011:9025 3011:9026 3011:9036 3011:9038 3011:9039 3011:9040 3012:9025 3012:9026 3012:9036 3012:9038 3012:9039 3012:9040 3013:9025 3013:9026 3013:9036 3013:9038 3013:9039 3013:9040 3014:9025 3014:9026 3014:9036 3014:9038 3014:9039 3014:9040 4001:9025 4001:9026 4001:9036 4001:9038 4001:9039 4001:9040 4002:9025 4002:9026 4002:9036 4002:9038 4002:9039 4002:9040 4003:9025 4003:9026 4003:9036 4003:9038 4003:9039 4003:9040 4004:9025 4004:9026 4004:9036 4004:9038 4004:9039 4004:9040 4005:9025 4005:9026 4005:9036 4005:9038 4005:9039 4005:9040 4006:9025 4006:9026 4006:9036 4006:9038 4006:9039 4006:9040 4007:9025 4007:9026 4007:9036 4007:9038 4007:9039 4007:9040 4008:9025 4008:9026 4008:9036 4008:9038 4008:9039 4008:9040 4009:9025 4009:9026 4009:9036 4009:9038 4009:9039 4009:9040 4010:9025 4010:9026 4010:9036 4010:9038 4010:9039 4010:9040 4011:9025 4011:9026 4011:9036 4011:9038 4011:9039 4011:9040 4012:9025 4012:9026 4012:9036 4012:9038 4012:9039 4012:9040 5001:9025 5001:9026 5001:9036 5001:9038 5001:9039 5001:9040 5002:9025 5002:9026 5002:9036 5002:9038 5002:9039 5002:9040 5003:9025 5003:9026 5003:9036 5003:9038 5003:9039 5003:9040 5004:9025 5004:9026 5004:9036 5004:9038 5004:9039 5004:9040 5005:9025 5005:9026 5005:9036 5005:9038 5005:9039 5005:9040 5006:9025 5006:9026 5006:9036 5006:9038 5006:9039 5006:9040 5007:9025 5007:9026 5007:9036 5007:9038 5007:9039 5007:9040 5008:9025 5008:9026 5008:9036 5008:9038 5008:9039 5008:9040 5009:9025 5009:9026 5009:9036 5009:9038 5009:9039 5009:9040 5010:9025 5010:9026 5010:9036 5010:9038 5010:9039 5010:9040 5011:9025 5011:9026 5011:9036 5011:9038 5011:9039 5011:9040 3002:9041 3002:9042 3002:9043 3002:9044 3002:9045 3002:9047 3003:9041 3003:9042 3003:9043 3003:9044 3003:9045 3003:9047 3004:9041 3004:9042 3004:9043 3004:9044 3004:9045 3004:9047 3005:9041 3005:9042 3005:9043 3005:9044 3005:9045 3005:9047 3006:9041 3006:9042 3006:9043 3006:9044 3006:9045 3006:9047 3007:9041 3007:9042 3007:9043 3007:9044 3007:9045 3007:9047 3008:9041 3008:9042 3008:9043 3008:9044 3008:9045 3008:9047 3009:9041 3009:9042 3009:9043 3009:9044 3009:9045 3009:9047 3010:9041 3010:9042 3010:9043 3010:9044 3010:9045 3010:9047 3011:9041 3011:9042 3011:9043 3011:9044 3011:9045 3011:9047 3012:9041 3012:9042 3012:9043 3012:9044 3012:9045 3012:9047 3013:9041 3013:9042 3013:9043 3013:9044 3013:9045 3013:9047 3014:9041 3014:9042 3014:9043 3014:9044 3014:9045 3014:9047 4001:9041 4001:9042 4001:9043 4001:9044 4001:9045 4001:9047 4002:9041 4002:9042 4002:9043 4002:9044 4002:9045 4002:9047 4003:9041 4003:9042 4003:9043 4003:9044 4003:9045 4003:9047 4004:9041 4004:9042 4004:9043 4004:9044 4004:9045 4004:9047 4005:9041 4005:9042 4005:9043 4005:9044 4005:9045 4005:9047 4006:9041 4006:9042 4006:9043 4006:9044 4006:9045 4006:9047 4007:9041 4007:9042 4007:9043 4007:9044 4007:9045 4007:9047 4008:9041 4008:9042 4008:9043 4008:9044 4008:9045 4008:9047 4009:9041 4009:9042 4009:9043 4009:9044 4009:9045 4009:9047 4010:9041 4010:9042 4010:9043 4010:9044 4010:9045 4010:9047 4011:9041 4011:9042 4011:9043 4011:9044 4011:9045 4011:9047 4012:9041 4012:9042 4012:9043 4012:9044 4012:9045 4012:9047 5001:9041 5001:9042 5001:9043 5001:9044 5001:9045 5001:9047 5002:9041 5002:9042 5002:9043 5002:9044 5002:9045 5002:9047 5003:9041 5003:9042 5003:9043 5003:9044 5003:9045 5003:9047 5004:9041 5004:9042 5004:9043 5004:9044 5004:9045 5004:9047 5005:9041 5005:9042 5005:9043 5005:9044 5005:9045 5005:9047 5006:9041 5006:9042 5006:9043 5006:9044 5006:9045 5006:9047 5007:9041 5007:9042 5007:9043 5007:9044 5007:9045 5007:9047 5008:9041 5008:9042 5008:9043 5008:9044 5008:9045 5008:9047 5009:9041 5009:9042 5009:9043 5009:9044 5009:9045 5009:9047 5010:9041 5010:9042 5010:9043 5010:9044 5010:9045 5010:9047 5011:9041 5011:9042 5011:9043 5011:9044 5011:9045 5011:9047 3002:9048 3002:9049 3002:9051 3002:9052 3002:9053 3002:9054 3003:9048 3003:9049 3003:9051 3003:9052 3003:9053 3003:9054 3004:9048 3004:9049 3004:9051 3004:9052 3004:9053 3004:9054 3005:9048 3005:9049 3005:9051 3005:9052 3005:9053 3005:9054 3006:9048 3006:9049 3006:9051 3006:9052 3006:9053 3006:9054 3007:9048 3007:9049 3007:9051 3007:9052 3007:9053 3007:9054 3008:9048 3008:9049 3008:9051 3008:9052 3008:9053 3008:9054 3009:9048 3009:9049 3009:9051 3009:9052 3009:9053 3009:9054 3010:9048 3010:9049 3010:9051 3010:9052 3010:9053 3010:9054 3011:9048 3011:9049 3011:9051 3011:9052 3011:9053 3011:9054 3012:9048 3012:9049 3012:9051 3012:9052 3012:9053 3012:9054 3013:9048 3013:9049 3013:9051 3013:9052 3013:9053 3013:9054 3014:9048 3014:9049 3014:9051 3014:9052 3014:9053 3014:9054 4001:9048 4001:9049 4001:9051 4001:9052 4001:9053 4001:9054 4002:9048 4002:9049 4002:9051 4002:9052 4002:9053 4002:9054 4003:9048 4003:9049 4003:9051 4003:9052 4003:9053 4003:9054 4004:9048 4004:9049 4004:9051 4004:9052 4004:9053 4004:9054 4005:9048 4005:9049 4005:9051 4005:9052 4005:9053 4005:9054 4006:9048 4006:9049 4006:9051 4006:9052 4006:9053 4006:9054 4007:9048 4007:9049 4007:9051 4007:9052 4007:9053 4007:9054 4008:9048 4008:9049 4008:9051 4008:9052 4008:9053 4008:9054 4009:9048 4009:9049 4009:9051 4009:9052 4009:9053 4009:9054 4010:9048 4010:9049 4010:9051 4010:9052 4010:9053 4010:9054 4011:9048 4011:9049 4011:9051 4011:9052 4011:9053 4011:9054 4012:9048 4012:9049 4012:9051 4012:9052 4012:9053 4012:9054 5001:9048 5001:9049 5001:9051 5001:9052 5001:9053 5001:9054 5002:9048 5002:9049 5002:9051 5002:9052 5002:9053 5002:9054 5003:9048 5003:9049 5003:9051 5003:9052 5003:9053 5003:9054 5004:9048 5004:9049 5004:9051 5004:9052 5004:9053 5004:9054 5005:9048 5005:9049 5005:9051 5005:9052 5005:9053 5005:9054 5006:9048 5006:9049 5006:9051 5006:9052 5006:9053 5006:9054 5007:9048 5007:9049 5007:9051 5007:9052 5007:9053 5007:9054 5008:9048 5008:9049 5008:9051 5008:9052 5008:9053 5008:9054 5009:9048 5009:9049 5009:9051 5009:9052 5009:9053 5009:9054 5010:9048 5010:9049 5010:9051 5010:9052 5010:9053 5010:9054 5011:9048 5011:9049 5011:9051 5011:9052 5011:9053 5011:9054 3002:9055 3002:9056 3002:9058 3002:9060 3002:9061 3002:9062 3003:9055 3003:9056 3003:9058 3003:9060 3003:9061 3003:9062 3004:9055 3004:9056 3004:9058 3004:9060 3004:9061 3004:9062 3005:9055 3005:9056 3005:9058 3005:9060 3005:9061 3005:9062 3006:9055 3006:9056 3006:9058 3006:9060 3006:9061 3006:9062 3007:9055 3007:9056 3007:9058 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3002:9307 3002:9308 3002:9309 3002:9310 — 3003:9306 3003:9307 3003:9308 3003:9309 3003:9310 3004:9306 3004:9307 3004:9308 3004:9309 3004:9310 3005:9306 3005:9307 3005:9308 3005:9309 3005:9310 3006:9306 3006:9307 3006:9308 3006:9309 3006:9310 3007:9306 3007:9307 3007:9308 3007:9309 3007:9310 3008:9306 3008:9307 3008:9308 3008:9309 3008:9310 3009:9306 3009:9307 3009:9308 3009:9309 3009:9310 3010:9306 3010:9307 3010:9308 3010:9309 3010:9310 3011:9306 3011:9307 3011:9308 3011:9309 3011:9310 3012:9306 3012:9307 3012:9308 3012:9309 3012:9310 3013:9306 3013:9307 3013:9308 3013:9309 3013:9310 3014:9306 3014:9307 3014:9308 3014:9309 3014:9310 4001:9306 4001:9307 4001:9308 4001:9309 4001:9310 4002:9306 4002:9307 4002:9308 4002:9309 4002:9310 4003:9306 4003:9307 4003:9308 4003:9309 4003:9310 4004:9306 4004:9307 4004:9308 4004:9309 4004:9310 4005:9306 4005:9307 4005:9308 4005:9309 4005:9310 4006:9306 4006:9307 4006:9308 4006:9309 4006:9310 4007:9306 4007:9307 4007:9308 4007:9309 4007:9310 4008:9306 4008:9307 4008:9308 4008:9309 4008:9310 4009:9306 4009:9307 4009:9308 4009:9309 4009:9310 4010:9306 4010:9307 4010:9308 4010:9309 4010:9310 4011:9306 4011:9307 4011:9308 4011:9309 4011:9310 4012:9306 4012:9307 4012:9308 4012:9309 4012:9310 5001:9306 5001:9307 5001:9308 5001:9309 5001:9310 5002:9306 5002:9307 5002:9308 5002:9309 5002:9310 5003:9306 5003:9307 5003:9308 5003:9309 5003:9310 5004:9306 5004:9307 5004:9308 5004:9309 5004:9310 5005:9306 5005:9307 5005:9308 5005:9309 5005:9310 5006:9306 5006:9307 5006:9308 5006:9309 5006:9310 5007:9306 5007:9307 5007:9308 5007:9309 5007:9310 5008:9306 5008:9307 5008:9308 5008:9309 5008:9310 5009:9306 5009:9307 5009:9308 5009:9309 5009:9310 5010:9306 5010:9307 5010:9308 5010:9309 5010:9310 5011:9306 5011:9307 5011:9308 5011:9309 5011:9310

TABLE C Example combinations of a compound X with a compound Y. X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y 9006:7000 9007:7000 9008:7000 9018:7000 9020:7000 9021:7000 9006:7001 9007:7001 9008:7001 9018:7001 9020:7001 9021:7001 9006:7002 9007:7002 9008:7002 9018:7002 9020:7002 9021:7002 9006:7003 9007:7003 9008:7003 9018:7003 9020:7003 9021:7003 9006:7004 9007:7004 9008:7004 9018:7004 9020:7004 9021:7004 9006:7005 9007:7005 9008:7005 9018:7005 9020:7005 9021:7005 9006:7006 9007:7006 9008:7006 9018:7006 9020:7006 9021:7006 9006:7007 9007:7007 9008:7007 9018:7007 9020:7007 9021:7007 9006:7008 9007:7008 9008:7008 9018:7008 9020:7008 9021:7008 9006:7009 9007:7009 9008:7009 9018:7009 9020:7009 9021:7009 9006:7010 9007:7010 9008:7010 9018:7010 9020:7010 9021:7010 9006:7011 9007:7011 9008:7011 9018:7011 9020:7011 9021:7011 9006:7012 9007:7012 9008:7012 9018:7012 9020:7012 9021:7012 9006:7013 9007:7013 9008:7013 9018:7013 9020:7013 9021:7013 9006:7014 9007:7014 9008:7014 9018:7014 9020:7014 9021:7014 9006:7015 9007:7015 9008:7015 9018:7015 9020:7015 9021:7015 9006:7016 9007:7016 9008:7016 9018:7016 9020:7016 9021:7016 9006:7017 9007:7017 9008:7017 9018:7017 9020:7017 9021:7017 9006:7018 9007:7018 9008:7018 9018:7018 9020:7018 9021:7018 9006:7019 9007:7019 9008:7019 9018:7019 9020:7019 9021:7019 9006:7020 9007:7020 9008:7020 9018:7020 9020:7020 9021:7020 9006:7021 9007:7021 9008:7021 9018:7021 9020:7021 9021:7021 9006:7022 9007:7022 9008:7022 9018:7022 9020:7022 9021:7022 9006:7023 9007:7023 9008:7023 9018:7023 9020:7023 9021:7023 9006:7024 9007:7024 9008:7024 9018:7024 9020:7024 9021:7024 9006:7025 9007:7025 9008:7025 9018:7025 9020:7025 9021:7025 9006:7026 9007:7026 9008:7026 9018:7026 9020:7026 9021:7026 9006:7027 9007:7027 9008:7027 9018:7027 9020:7027 9021:7027 9025:7000 9026:7000 9036:7000 9038:7000 9039:7000 9040:7000 9025:7001 9026:7001 9036:7001 9038:7001 9039:7001 9040:7001 9025:7002 9026:7002 9036:7002 9038:7002 9039:7002 9040:7002 9025:7003 9026:7003 9036:7003 9038:7003 9039:7003 9040:7003 9025:7004 9026:7004 9036:7004 9038:7004 9039:7004 9040:7004 9025:7005 9026:7005 9036:7005 9038:7005 9039:7005 9040:7005 9025:7006 9026:7006 9036:7006 9038:7006 9039:7006 9040:7006 9025:7007 9026:7007 9036:7007 9038:7007 9039:7007 9040:7007 9025:7008 9026:7008 9036:7008 9038:7008 9039:7008 9040:7008 9025:7009 9026:7009 9036:7009 9038:7009 9039:7009 9040:7009 9025:7010 9026:7010 9036:7010 9038:7010 9039:7010 9040:7010 9025:7011 9026:7011 9036:7011 9038:7011 9039:7011 9040:7011 9025:7012 9026:7012 9036:7012 9038:7012 9039:7012 9040:7012 9025:7013 9026:7013 9036:7013 9038:7013 9039:7013 9040:7013 9025:7014 9026:7014 9036:7014 9038:7014 9039:7014 9040:7014 9025:7015 9026:7015 9036:7015 9038:7015 9039:7015 9040:7015 9025:7016 9026:7016 9036:7016 9038:7016 9039:7016 9040:7016 9025:7017 9026:7017 9036:7017 9038:7017 9039:7017 9040:7017 9025:7018 9026:7018 9036:7018 9038:7018 9039:7018 9040:7018 9025:7019 9026:7019 9036:7019 9038:7019 9039:7019 9040:7019 9025:7020 9026:7020 9036:7020 9038:7020 9039:7020 9040:7020 9025:7021 9026:7021 9036:7021 9038:7021 9039:7021 9040:7021 9025:7022 9026:7022 9036:7022 9038:7022 9039:7022 9040:7022 9025:7023 9026:7023 9036:7023 9038:7023 9039:7023 9040:7023 9025:7024 9026:7024 9036:7024 9038:7024 9039:7024 9040:7024 9025:7025 9026:7025 9036:7025 9038:7025 9039:7025 9040:7025 9025:7026 9026:7026 9036:7026 9038:7026 9039:7026 9040:7026 9025:7027 9026:7027 9036:7027 9038:7027 9039:7027 9040:7027 9041:7000 9042:7000 9043:7000 9044:7000 9045:7000 9047:7000 9041:7001 9042:7001 9043:7001 9044:7001 9045:7001 9047:7001 9041:7002 9042:7002 9043:7002 9044:7002 9045:7002 9047:7002 9041:7003 9042:7003 9043:7003 9044:7003 9045:7003 9047:7003 9041:7004 9042:7004 9043:7004 9044:7004 9045:7004 9047:7004 9041:7005 9042:7005 9043:7005 9044:7005 9045:7005 9047:7005 9041:7006 9042:7006 9043:7006 9044:7006 9045:7006 9047:7006 9041:7007 9042:7007 9043:7007 9044:7007 9045:7007 9047:7007 9041:7008 9042:7008 9043:7008 9044:7008 9045:7008 9047:7008 9041:7009 9042:7009 9043:7009 9044:7009 9045:7009 9047:7009 9041:7010 9042:7010 9043:7010 9044:7010 9045:7010 9047:7010 9041:7011 9042:7011 9043:7011 9044:7011 9045:7011 9047:7011 9041:7012 9042:7012 9043:7012 9044:7012 9045:7012 9047:7012 9041:7013 9042:7013 9043:7013 9044:7013 9045:7013 9047:7013 9041:7014 9042:7014 9043:7014 9044:7014 9045:7014 9047:7014 9041:7015 9042:7015 9043:7015 9044:7015 9045:7015 9047:7015 9041:7016 9042:7016 9043:7016 9044:7016 9045:7016 9047:7016 9041:7017 9042:7017 9043:7017 9044:7017 9045:7017 9047:7017 9041:7018 9042:7018 9043:7018 9044:7018 9045:7018 9047:7018 9041:7019 9042:7019 9043:7019 9044:7019 9045:7019 9047:7019 9041:7020 9042:7020 9043:7020 9044:7020 9045:7020 9047:7020 9041:7021 9042:7021 9043:7021 9044:7021 9045:7021 9047:7021 9041:7022 9042:7022 9043:7022 9044:7022 9045:7022 9047:7022 9041:7023 9042:7023 9043:7023 9044:7023 9045:7023 9047:7023 9041:7024 9042:7024 9043:7024 9044:7024 9045:7024 9047:7024 9041:7025 9042:7025 9043:7025 9044:7025 9045:7025 9047:7025 9041:7026 9042:7026 9043:7026 9044:7026 9045:7026 9047:7026 9041:7027 9042:7027 9043:7027 9044:7027 9045:7027 9047:7027 9048:7000 9049:7000 9051:7000 9052:7000 9053:7000 9054:7000 9048:7001 9049:7001 9051:7001 9052:7001 9053:7001 9054:7001 9048:7002 9049:7002 9051:7002 9052:7002 9053:7002 9054:7002 9048:7003 9049:7003 9051:7003 9052:7003 9053:7003 9054:7003 9048:7004 9049:7004 9051:7004 9052:7004 9053:7004 9054:7004 9048:7005 9049:7005 9051:7005 9052:7005 9053:7005 9054:7005 9048:7006 9049:7006 9051:7006 9052:7006 9053:7006 9054:7006 9048:7007 9049:7007 9051:7007 9052:7007 9053:7007 9054:7007 9048:7008 9049:7008 9051:7008 9052:7008 9053:7008 9054:7008 9048:7009 9049:7009 9051:7009 9052:7009 9053:7009 9054:7009 9048:7010 9049:7010 9051:7010 9052:7010 9053:7010 9054:7010 9048:7011 9049:7011 9051:7011 9052:7011 9053:7011 9054:7011 9048:7012 9049:7012 9051:7012 9052:7012 9053:7012 9054:7012 9048:7013 9049:7013 9051:7013 9052:7013 9053:7013 9054:7013 9048:7014 9049:7014 9051:7014 9052:7014 9053:7014 9054:7014 9048:7015 9049:7015 9051:7015 9052:7015 9053:7015 9054:7015 9048:7016 9049:7016 9051:7016 9052:7016 9053:7016 9054:7016 9048:7017 9049:7017 9051:7017 9052:7017 9053:7017 9054:7017 9048:7018 9049:7018 9051:7018 9052:7018 9053:7018 9054:7018 9048:7019 9049:7019 9051:7019 9052:7019 9053:7019 9054:7019 9048:7020 9049:7020 9051:7020 9052:7020 9053:7020 9054:7020 9048:7021 9049:7021 9051:7021 9052:7021 9053:7021 9054:7021 9048:7022 9049:7022 9051:7022 9052:7022 9053:7022 9054:7022 9048:7023 9049:7023 9051:7023 9052:7023 9053:7023 9054:7023 9048:7024 9049:7024 9051:7024 9052:7024 9053:7024 9054:7024 9048:7025 9049:7025 9051:7025 9052:7025 9053:7025 9054:7025 9048:7026 9049:7026 9051:7026 9052:7026 9053:7026 9054:7026 9048:7027 9049:7027 9051:7027 9052:7027 9053:7027 9054:7027 9055:7000 9056:7000 9058:7000 9060:7000 9061:7000 9062:7000 9055:7001 9056:7001 9058:7001 9060:7001 9061:7001 9062:7001 9055:7002 9056:7002 9058:7002 9060:7002 9061:7002 9062:7002 9055:7003 9056:7003 9058:7003 9060:7003 9061:7003 9062:7003 9055:7004 9056:7004 9058:7004 9060:7004 9061:7004 9062:7004 9055:7005 9056:7005 9058:7005 9060:7005 9061:7005 9062:7005 9055:7006 9056:7006 9058:7006 9060:7006 9061:7006 9062:7006 9055:7007 9056:7007 9058:7007 9060:7007 9061:7007 9062:7007 9055:7008 9056:7008 9058:7008 9060:7008 9061:7008 9062:7008 9055:7009 9056:7009 9058:7009 9060:7009 9061:7009 9062:7009 9055:7010 9056:7010 9058:7010 9060:7010 9061:7010 9062:7010 9055:7011 9056:7011 9058:7011 9060:7011 9061:7011 9062:7011 9055:7012 9056:7012 9058:7012 9060:7012 9061:7012 9062:7012 9055:7013 9056:7013 9058:7013 9060:7013 9061:7013 9062:7013 9055:7014 9056:7014 9058:7014 9060:7014 9061:7014 9062:7014 9055:7015 9056:7015 9058:7015 9060:7015 9061:7015 9062:7015 9055:7016 9056:7016 9058:7016 9060:7016 9061:7016 9062:7016 9055:7017 9056:7017 9058:7017 9060:7017 9061:7017 9062:7017 9055:7018 9056:7018 9058:7018 9060:7018 9061:7018 9062:7018 9055:7019 9056:7019 9058:7019 9060:7019 9061:7019 9062:7019 9055:7020 9056:7020 9058:7020 9060:7020 9061:7020 9062:7020 9055:7021 9056:7021 9058:7021 9060:7021 9061:7021 9062:7021 9055:7022 9056:7022 9058:7022 9060:7022 9061:7022 9062:7022 9055:7023 9056:7023 9058:7023 9060:7023 9061:7023 9062:7023 9055:7024 9056:7024 9058:7024 9060:7024 9061:7024 9062:7024 9055:7025 9056:7025 9058:7025 9060:7025 9061:7025 9062:7025 9055:7026 9056:7026 9058:7026 9060:7026 9061:7026 9062:7026 9055:7027 9056:7027 9058:7027 9060:7027 9061:7027 9062:7027 9063:7000 9064:7000 9065:7000 9066:7000 9067:7000 9068:7000 9063:7001 9064:7001 9065:7001 9066:7001 9067:7001 9068:7001 9063:7002 9064:7002 9065:7002 9066:7002 9067:7002 9068:7002 9063:7003 9064:7003 9065:7003 9066:7003 9067:7003 9068:7003 9063:7004 9064:7004 9065:7004 9066:7004 9067:7004 9068:7004 9063:7005 9064:7005 9065:7005 9066:7005 9067:7005 9068:7005 9063:7006 9064:7006 9065:7006 9066:7006 9067:7006 9068:7006 9063:7007 9064:7007 9065:7007 9066:7007 9067:7007 9068:7007 9063:7008 9064:7008 9065:7008 9066:7008 9067:7008 9068:7008 9063:7009 9064:7009 9065:7009 9066:7009 9067:7009 9068:7009 9063:7010 9064:7010 9065:7010 9066:7010 9067:7010 9068:7010 9063:7011 9064:7011 9065:7011 9066:7011 9067:7011 9068:7011 9063:7012 9064:7012 9065:7012 9066:7012 9067:7012 9068:7012 9063:7013 9064:7013 9065:7013 9066:7013 9067:7013 9068:7013 9063:7014 9064:7014 9065:7014 9066:7014 9067:7014 9068:7014 9063:7015 9064:7015 9065:7015 9066:7015 9067:7015 9068:7015 9063:7016 9064:7016 9065:7016 9066:7016 9067:7016 9068:7016 9063:7017 9064:7017 9065:7017 9066:7017 9067:7017 9068:7017 9063:7018 9064:7018 9065:7018 9066:7018 9067:7018 9068:7018 9063:7019 9064:7019 9065:7019 9066:7019 9067:7019 9068:7019 9063:7020 9064:7020 9065:7020 9066:7020 9067:7020 9068:7020 9063:7021 9064:7021 9065:7021 9066:7021 9067:7021 9068:7021 9063:7022 9064:7022 9065:7022 9066:7022 9067:7022 9068:7022 9063:7023 9064:7023 9065:7023 9066:7023 9067:7023 9068:7023 9063:7024 9064:7024 9065:7024 9066:7024 9067:7024 9068:7024 9063:7025 9064:7025 9065:7025 9066:7025 9067:7025 9068:7025 9063:7026 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9258:7022 9259:7022 9260:7022 9262:7022 9263:7022 9257:7023 9258:7023 9259:7023 9260:7023 9262:7023 9263:7023 9257:7024 9258:7024 9259:7024 9260:7024 9262:7024 9263:7024 9257:7025 9258:7025 9259:7025 9260:7025 9262:7025 9263:7025 9257:7026 9258:7026 9259:7026 9260:7026 9262:7026 9263:7026 9257:7027 9258:7027 9259:7027 9260:7027 9262:7027 9263:7027 9264:7000 9265:7000 9266:7000 9267:7000 9268:7000 9269:7000 9264:7001 9265:7001 9266:7001 9267:7001 9268:7001 9269:7001 9264:7002 9265:7002 9266:7002 9267:7002 9268:7002 9269:7002 9264:7003 9265:7003 9266:7003 9267:7003 9268:7003 9269:7003 9264:7004 9265:7004 9266:7004 9267:7004 9268:7004 9269:7004 9264:7005 9265:7005 9266:7005 9267:7005 9268:7005 9269:7005 9264:7006 9265:7006 9266:7006 9267:7006 9268:7006 9269:7006 9264:7007 9265:7007 9266:7007 9267:7007 9268:7007 9269:7007 9264:7008 9265:7008 9266:7008 9267:7008 9268:7008 9269:7008 9264:7009 9265:7009 9266:7009 9267:7009 9268:7009 9269:7009 9264:7010 9265:7010 9266:7010 9267:7010 9268:7010 9269:7010 9264:7011 9265:7011 9266:7011 9267:7011 9268:7011 9269:7011 9264:7012 9265:7012 9266:7012 9267:7012 9268:7012 9269:7012 9264:7013 9265:7013 9266:7013 9267:7013 9268:7013 9269:7013 9264:7014 9265:7014 9266:7014 9267:7014 9268:7014 9269:7014 9264:7015 9265:7015 9266:7015 9267:7015 9268:7015 9269:7015 9264:7016 9265:7016 9266:7016 9267:7016 9268:7016 9269:7016 9264:7017 9265:7017 9266:7017 9267:7017 9268:7017 9269:7017 9264:7018 9265:7018 9266:7018 9267:7018 9268:7018 9269:7018 9264:7019 9265:7019 9266:7019 9267:7019 9268:7019 9269:7019 9264:7020 9265:7020 9266:7020 9267:7020 9268:7020 9269:7020 9264:7021 9265:7021 9266:7021 9267:7021 9268:7021 9269:7021 9264:7022 9265:7022 9266:7022 9267:7022 9268:7022 9269:7022 9264:7023 9265:7023 9266:7023 9267:7023 9268:7023 9269:7023 9264:7024 9265:7024 9266:7024 9267:7024 9268:7024 9269:7024 9264:7025 9265:7025 9266:7025 9267:7025 9268:7025 9269:7025 9264:7026 9265:7026 9266:7026 9267:7026 9268:7026 9269:7026 9264:7027 9265:7027 9266:7027 9267:7027 9268:7027 9269:7027 9270:7000 9271:7000 9272:7000 9273:7000 9274:7000 9275:7000 9270:7001 9271:7001 9272:7001 9273:7001 9274:7001 9275:7001 9270:7002 9271:7002 9272:7002 9273:7002 9274:7002 9275:7002 9270:7003 9271:7003 9272:7003 9273:7003 9274:7003 9275:7003 9270:7004 9271:7004 9272:7004 9273:7004 9274:7004 9275:7004 9270:7005 9271:7005 9272:7005 9273:7005 9274:7005 9275:7005 9270:7006 9271:7006 9272:7006 9273:7006 9274:7006 9275:7006 9270:7007 9271:7007 9272:7007 9273:7007 9274:7007 9275:7007 9270:7008 9271:7008 9272:7008 9273:7008 9274:7008 9275:7008 9270:7009 9271:7009 9272:7009 9273:7009 9274:7009 9275:7009 9270:7010 9271:7010 9272:7010 9273:7010 9274:7010 9275:7010 9270:7011 9271:7011 9272:7011 9273:7011 9274:7011 9275:7011 9270:7012 9271:7012 9272:7012 9273:7012 9274:7012 9275:7012 9270:7013 9271:7013 9272:7013 9273:7013 9274:7013 9275:7013 9270:7014 9271:7014 9272:7014 9273:7014 9274:7014 9275:7014 9270:7015 9271:7015 9272:7015 9273:7015 9274:7015 9275:7015 9270:7016 9271:7016 9272:7016 9273:7016 9274:7016 9275:7016 9270:7017 9271:7017 9272:7017 9273:7017 9274:7017 9275:7017 9270:7018 9271:7018 9272:7018 9273:7018 9274:7018 9275:7018 9270:7019 9271:7019 9272:7019 9273:7019 9274:7019 9275:7019 9270:7020 9271:7020 9272:7020 9273:7020 9274:7020 9275:7020 9270:7021 9271:7021 9272:7021 9273:7021 9274:7021 9275:7021 9270:7022 9271:7022 9272:7022 9273:7022 9274:7022 9275:7022 9270:7023 9271:7023 9272:7023 9273:7023 9274:7023 9275:7023 9270:7024 9271:7024 9272:7024 9273:7024 9274:7024 9275:7024 9270:7025 9271:7025 9272:7025 9273:7025 9274:7025 9275:7025 9270:7026 9271:7026 9272:7026 9273:7026 9274:7026 9275:7026 9270:7027 9271:7027 9272:7027 9273:7027 9274:7027 9275:7027 9276:7000 9277:7000 9278:7000 9279:7000 9280:7000 9281:7000 9276:7001 9277:7001 9278:7001 9279:7001 9280:7001 9281:7001 9276:7002 9277:7002 9278:7002 9279:7002 9280:7002 9281:7002 9276:7003 9277:7003 9278:7003 9279:7003 9280:7003 9281:7003 9276:7004 9277:7004 9278:7004 9279:7004 9280:7004 9281:7004 9276:7005 9277:7005 9278:7005 9279:7005 9280:7005 9281:7005 9276:7006 9277:7006 9278:7006 9279:7006 9280:7006 9281:7006 9276:7007 9277:7007 9278:7007 9279:7007 9280:7007 9281:7007 9276:7008 9277:7008 9278:7008 9279:7008 9280:7008 9281:7008 9276:7009 9277:7009 9278:7009 9279:7009 9280:7009 9281:7009 9276:7010 9277:7010 9278:7010 9279:7010 9280:7010 9281:7010 9276:7011 9277:7011 9278:7011 9279:7011 9280:7011 9281:7011 9276:7012 9277:7012 9278:7012 9279:7012 9280:7012 9281:7012 9276:7013 9277:7013 9278:7013 9279:7013 9280:7013 9281:7013 9276:7014 9277:7014 9278:7014 9279:7014 9280:7014 9281:7014 9276:7015 9277:7015 9278:7015 9279:7015 9280:7015 9281:7015 9276:7016 9277:7016 9278:7016 9279:7016 9280:7016 9281:7016 9276:7017 9277:7017 9278:7017 9279:7017 9280:7017 9281:7017 9276:7018 9277:7018 9278:7018 9279:7018 9280:7018 9281:7018 9276:7019 9277:7019 9278:7019 9279:7019 9280:7019 9281:7019 9276:7020 9277:7020 9278:7020 9279:7020 9280:7020 9281:7020 9276:7021 9277:7021 9278:7021 9279:7021 9280:7021 9281:7021 9276:7022 9277:7022 9278:7022 9279:7022 9280:7022 9281:7022 9276:7023 9277:7023 9278:7023 9279:7023 9280:7023 9281:7023 9276:7024 9277:7024 9278:7024 9279:7024 9280:7024 9281:7024 9276:7025 9277:7025 9278:7025 9279:7025 9280:7025 9281:7025 9276:7026 9277:7026 9278:7026 9279:7026 9280:7026 9281:7026 9276:7027 9277:7027 9278:7027 9279:7027 9280:7027 9281:7027 9282:7000 9283:7000 9284:7000 9285:7000 9286:7000 9287:7000 9282:7001 9283:7001 9284:7001 9285:7001 9286:7001 9287:7001 9282:7002 9283:7002 9284:7002 9285:7002 9286:7002 9287:7002 9282:7003 9283:7003 9284:7003 9285:7003 9286:7003 9287:7003 9282:7004 9283:7004 9284:7004 9285:7004 9286:7004 9287:7004 9282:7005 9283:7005 9284:7005 9285:7005 9286:7005 9287:7005 9282:7006 9283:7006 9284:7006 9285:7006 9286:7006 9287:7006 9282:7007 9283:7007 9284:7007 9285:7007 9286:7007 9287:7007 9282:7008 9283:7008 9284:7008 9285:7008 9286:7008 9287:7008 9282:7009 9283:7009 9284:7009 9285:7009 9286:7009 9287:7009 9282:7010 9283:7010 9284:7010 9285:7010 9286:7010 9287:7010 9282:7011 9283:7011 9284:7011 9285:7011 9286:7011 9287:7011 9282:7012 9283:7012 9284:7012 9285:7012 9286:7012 9287:7012 9282:7013 9283:7013 9284:7013 9285:7013 9286:7013 9287:7013 9282:7014 9283:7014 9284:7014 9285:7014 9286:7014 9287:7014 9282:7015 9283:7015 9284:7015 9285:7015 9286:7015 9287:7015 9282:7016 9283:7016 9284:7016 9285:7016 9286:7016 9287:7016 9282:7017 9283:7017 9284:7017 9285:7017 9286:7017 9287:7017 9282:7018 9283:7018 9284:7018 9285:7018 9286:7018 9287:7018 9282:7019 9283:7019 9284:7019 9285:7019 9286:7019 9287:7019 9282:7020 9283:7020 9284:7020 9285:7020 9286:7020 9287:7020 9282:7021 9283:7021 9284:7021 9285:7021 9286:7021 9287:7021 9282:7022 9283:7022 9284:7022 9285:7022 9286:7022 9287:7022 9282:7023 9283:7023 9284:7023 9285:7023 9286:7023 9287:7023 9282:7024 9283:7024 9284:7024 9285:7024 9286:7024 9287:7024 9282:7025 9283:7025 9284:7025 9285:7025 9286:7025 9287:7025 9282:7026 9283:7026 9284:7026 9285:7026 9286:7026 9287:7026 9282:7027 9283:7027 9284:7027 9285:7027 9286:7027 9287:7027 9288:7000 9289:7000 9290:7000 9291:7000 9292:7000 9293:7000 9288:7001 9289:7001 9290:7001 9291:7001 9292:7001 9293:7001 9288:7002 9289:7002 9290:7002 9291:7002 9292:7002 9293:7002 9288:7003 9289:7003 9290:7003 9291:7003 9292:7003 9293:7003 9288:7004 9289:7004 9290:7004 9291:7004 9292:7004 9293:7004 9288:7005 9289:7005 9290:7005 9291:7005 9292:7005 9293:7005 9288:7006 9289:7006 9290:7006 9291:7006 9292:7006 9293:7006 9288:7007 9289:7007 9290:7007 9291:7007 9292:7007 9293:7007 9288:7008 9289:7008 9290:7008 9291:7008 9292:7008 9293:7008 9288:7009 9289:7009 9290:7009 9291:7009 9292:7009 9293:7009 9288:7010 9289:7010 9290:7010 9291:7010 9292:7010 9293:7010 9288:7011 9289:7011 9290:7011 9291:7011 9292:7011 9293:7011 9288:7012 9289:7012 9290:7012 9291:7012 9292:7012 9293:7012 9288:7013 9289:7013 9290:7013 9291:7013 9292:7013 9293:7013 9288:7014 9289:7014 9290:7014 9291:7014 9292:7014 9293:7014 9288:7015 9289:7015 9290:7015 9291:7015 9292:7015 9293:7015 9288:7016 9289:7016 9290:7016 9291:7016 9292:7016 9293:7016 9288:7017 9289:7017 9290:7017 9291:7017 9292:7017 9293:7017 9288:7018 9289:7018 9290:7018 9291:7018 9292:7018 9293:7018 9288:7019 9289:7019 9290:7019 9291:7019 9292:7019 9293:7019 9288:7020 9289:7020 9290:7020 9291:7020 9292:7020 9293:7020 9288:7021 9289:7021 9290:7021 9291:7021 9292:7021 9293:7021 9288:7022 9289:7022 9290:7022 9291:7022 9292:7022 9293:7022 9288:7023 9289:7023 9290:7023 9291:7023 9292:7023 9293:7023 9288:7024 9289:7024 9290:7024 9291:7024 9292:7024 9293:7024 9288:7025 9289:7025 9290:7025 9291:7025 9292:7025 9293:7025 9288:7026 9289:7026 9290:7026 9291:7026 9292:7026 9293:7026 9288:7027 9289:7027 9290:7027 9291:7027 9292:7027 9293:7027 9294:7000 9295:7000 9296:7000 9297:7000 9298:7000 9299:7000 9294:7001 9295:7001 9296:7001 9297:7001 9298:7001 9299:7001 9294:7002 9295:7002 9296:7002 9297:7002 9298:7002 9299:7002 9294:7003 9295:7003 9296:7003 9297:7003 9298:7003 9299:7003 9294:7004 9295:7004 9296:7004 9297:7004 9298:7004 9299:7004 9294:7005 9295:7005 9296:7005 9297:7005 9298:7005 9299:7005 9294:7006 9295:7006 9296:7006 9297:7006 9298:7006 9299:7006 9294:7007 9295:7007 9296:7007 9297:7007 9298:7007 9299:7007 9294:7008 9295:7008 9296:7008 9297:7008 9298:7008 9299:7008 9294:7009 9295:7009 9296:7009 9297:7009 9298:7009 9299:7009 9294:7010 9295:7010 9296:7010 9297:7010 9298:7010 9299:7010 9294:7011 9295:7011 9296:7011 9297:7011 9298:7011 9299:7011 9294:7012 9295:7012 9296:7012 9297:7012 9298:7012 9299:7012 9294:7013 9295:7013 9296:7013 9297:7013 9298:7013 9299:7013 9294:7014 9295:7014 9296:7014 9297:7014 9298:7014 9299:7014 9294:7015 9295:7015 9296:7015 9297:7015 9298:7015 9299:7015 9294:7016 9295:7016 9296:7016 9297:7016 9298:7016 9299:7016 9294:7017 9295:7017 9296:7017 9297:7017 9298:7017 9299:7017 9294:7018 9295:7018 9296:7018 9297:7018 9298:7018 9299:7018 9294:7019 9295:7019 9296:7019 9297:7019 9298:7019 9299:7019 9294:7020 9295:7020 9296:7020 9297:7020 9298:7020 9299:7020 9294:7021 9295:7021 9296:7021 9297:7021 9298:7021 9299:7021 9294:7022 9295:7022 9296:7022 9297:7022 9298:7022 9299:7022 9294:7023 9295:7023 9296:7023 9297:7023 9298:7023 9299:7023 9294:7024 9295:7024 9296:7024 9297:7024 9298:7024 9299:7024 9294:7025 9295:7025 9296:7025 9297:7025 9298:7025 9299:7025 9294:7026 9295:7026 9296:7026 9297:7026 9298:7026 9299:7026 9294:7027 9295:7027 9296:7027 9297:7027 9298:7027 9299:7027 9300:7000 9301:7000 9302:7000 9303:7000 9304:7000 9305:7000 9300:7001 9301:7001 9302:7001 9303:7001 9304:7001 9305:7001 9300:7002 9301:7002 9302:7002 9303:7002 9304:7002 9305:7002 9300:7003 9301:7003 9302:7003 9303:7003 9304:7003 9305:7003 9300:7004 9301:7004 9302:7004 9303:7004 9304:7004 9305:7004 9300:7005 9301:7005 9302:7005 9303:7005 9304:7005 9305:7005 9300:7006 9301:7006 9302:7006 9303:7006 9304:7006 9305:7006 9300:7007 9301:7007 9302:7007 9303:7007 9304:7007 9305:7007 9300:7008 9301:7008 9302:7008 9303:7008 9304:7008 9305:7008 9300:7009 9301:7009 9302:7009 9303:7009 9304:7009 9305:7009 9300:7010 9301:7010 9302:7010 9303:7010 9304:7010 9305:7010 9300:7011 9301:7011 9302:7011 9303:7011 9304:7011 9305:7011 9300:7012 9301:7012 9302:7012 9303:7012 9304:7012 9305:7012 9300:7013 9301:7013 9302:7013 9303:7013 9304:7013 9305:7013 9300:7014 9301:7014 9302:7014 9303:7014 9304:7014 9305:7014 9300:7015 9301:7015 9302:7015 9303:7015 9304:7015 9305:7015 9300:7016 9301:7016 9302:7016 9303:7016 9304:7016 9305:7016 9300:7017 9301:7017 9302:7017 9303:7017 9304:7017 9305:7017 9300:7018 9301:7018 9302:7018 9303:7018 9304:7018 9305:7018 9300:7019 9301:7019 9302:7019 9303:7019 9304:7019 9305:7019 9300:7020 9301:7020 9302:7020 9303:7020 9304:7020 9305:7020 9300:7021 9301:7021 9302:7021 9303:7021 9304:7021 9305:7021 9300:7022 9301:7022 9302:7022 9303:7022 9304:7022 9305:7022 9300:7023 9301:7023 9302:7023 9303:7023 9304:7023 9305:7023 9300:7024 9301:7024 9302:7024 9303:7024 9304:7024 9305:7024 9300:7025 9301:7025 9302:7025 9303:7025 9304:7025 9305:7025 9300:7026 9301:7026 9302:7026 9303:7026 9304:7026 9305:7026 9300:7027 9301:7027 9302:7027 9303:7027 9304:7027 9305:7027 9306:7000 9307:7000 9308:7000 9309:7000 9310:7000 — 9306:7001 9307:7001 9308:7001 9309:7001 9310:7001 9306:7002 9307:7002 9308:7002 9309:7002 9310:7002 9306:7003 9307:7003 9308:7003 9309:7003 9310:7003 9306:7004 9307:7004 9308:7004 9309:7004 9310:7004 9306:7005 9307:7005 9308:7005 9309:7005 9310:7005 9306:7006 9307:7006 9308:7006 9309:7006 9310:7006 9306:7007 9307:7007 9308:7007 9309:7007 9310:7007 9306:7008 9307:7008 9308:7008 9309:7008 9310:7008 9306:7009 9307:7009 9308:7009 9309:7009 9310:7009 9306:7010 9307:7010 9308:7010 9309:7010 9310:7010 9306:7011 9307:7011 9308:7011 9309:7011 9310:7011 9306:7012 9307:7012 9308:7012 9309:7012 9310:7012 9306:7013 9307:7013 9308:7013 9309:7013 9310:7013 9306:7014 9307:7014 9308:7014 9309:7014 9310:7014 9306:7015 9307:7015 9308:7015 9309:7015 9310:7015 9306:7016 9307:7016 9308:7016 9309:7016 9310:7016 9306:7017 9307:7017 9308:7017 9309:7017 9310:7017 9306:7018 9307:7018 9308:7018 9309:7018 9310:7018 9306:7019 9307:7019 9308:7019 9309:7019 9310:7019 9306:7020 9307:7020 9308:7020 9309:7020 9310:7020 9306:7021 9307:7021 9308:7021 9309:7021 9310:7021 9306:7022 9307:7022 9308:7022 9309:7022 9310:7022 9306:7023 9307:7023 9308:7023 9309:7023 9310:7023 9306:7024 9307:7024 9308:7024 9309:7024 9310:7024 9306:7025 9307:7025 9308:7025 9309:7025 9310:7025 9306:7026 9307:7026 9308:7026 9309:7026 9310:7026 9306:7027 9307:7027 9308:7027 9309:7027 9310:7027

TABLE D Example combinations of a compound X with a compound Y. X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y X:Y 6000:9006 6040:9006 6000:9007 6040:9007 6000:9008 6040:9008 6001:9006 6041:9006 6001:9007 6041:9007 6001:9008 6041:9008 6002:9006 6042:9006 6002:9007 6042:9007 6002:9008 6042:9008 6003:9006 6043:9006 6003:9007 6043:9007 6003:9008 6043:9008 6004:9006 6044:9006 6004:9007 6044:9007 6004:9008 6044:9008 6005:9006 6045:9006 6005:9007 6045:9007 6005:9008 6045:9008 6006:9006 6046:9006 6006:9007 6046:9007 6006:9008 6046:9008 6007:9006 6047:9006 6007:9007 6047:9007 6007:9008 6047:9008 6008:9006 6048:9006 6008:9007 6048:9007 6008:9008 6048:9008 6009:9006 6049:9006 6009:9007 6049:9007 6009:9008 6049:9008 6010:9006 6050:9006 6010:9007 6050:9007 6010:9008 6050:9008 6011:9006 6051:9006 6011:9007 6051:9007 6011:9008 6051:9008 6012:9006 6052:9006 6012:9007 6052:9007 6012:9008 6052:9008 6013:9006 6053:9006 6013:9007 6053:9007 6013:9008 6053:9008 6014:9006 6054:9006 6014:9007 6054:9007 6014:9008 6054:9008 6015:9006 6055:9006 6015:9007 6055:9007 6015:9008 6055:9008 6016:9006 6056:9006 6016:9007 6056:9007 6016:9008 6056:9008 6017:9006 6057:9006 6017:9007 6057:9007 6017:9008 6057:9008 6018:9006 6058:9006 6018:9007 6058:9007 6018:9008 6058:9008 6019:9006 6059:9006 6019:9007 6059:9007 6019:9008 6059:9008 6020:9006 6060:9006 6020:9007 6060:9007 6020:9008 6060:9008 6021:9006 6061:9006 6021:9007 6061:9007 6021:9008 6061:9008 6022:9006 6062:9006 6022:9007 6062:9007 6022:9008 6062:9008 6023:9006 6063:9006 6023:9007 6063:9007 6023:9008 6063:9008 6024:9006 6064:9006 6024:9007 6064:9007 6024:9008 6064:9008 6025:9006 6065:9006 6025:9007 6065:9007 6025:9008 6065:9008 6026:9006 6066:9006 6026:9007 6066:9007 6026:9008 6066:9008 6027:9006 6067:9006 6027:9007 6067:9007 6027:9008 6067:9008 6028:9006 6068:9006 6028:9007 6068:9007 6028:9008 6068:9008 6029:9006 6069:9006 6029:9007 6069:9007 6029:9008 6069:9008 6030:9006 6070:9006 6030:9007 6070:9007 6030:9008 6070:9008 6031:9006 6071:9006 6031:9007 6071:9007 6031:9008 6071:9008 6032:9006 6072:9006 6032:9007 6072:9007 6032:9008 6072:9008 6033:9006 6073:9006 6033:9007 6073:9007 6033:9008 6073:9008 6034:9006 6074:9006 6034:9007 6074:9007 6034:9008 6074:9008 6035:9006 6075:9006 6035:9007 6075:9007 6035:9008 6075:9008 6036:9006 6076:9006 6036:9007 6076:9007 6036:9008 6076:9008 6037:9006 6077:9006 6037:9007 6077:9007 6037:9008 6077:9008 6038:9006 6078:9006 6038:9007 6078:9007 6038:9008 6078:9008 6039:9006 6039:9007 6039:9008 6000:9018 6040:9018 6000:9020 6040:9020 6000:9021 6040:9021 6001:9018 6041:9018 6001:9020 6041:9020 6001:9021 6041:9021 6002:9018 6042:9018 6002:9020 6042:9020 6002:9021 6042:9021 6003:9018 6043:9018 6003:9020 6043:9020 6003:9021 6043:9021 6004:9018 6044:9018 6004:9020 6044:9020 6004:9021 6044:9021 6005:9018 6045:9018 6005:9020 6045:9020 6005:9021 6045:9021 6006:9018 6046:9018 6006:9020 6046:9020 6006:9021 6046:9021 6007:9018 6047:9018 6007:9020 6047:9020 6007:9021 6047:9021 6008:9018 6048:9018 6008:9020 6048:9020 6008:9021 6048:9021 6009:9018 6049:9018 6009:9020 6049:9020 6009:9021 6049:9021 6010:9018 6050:9018 6010:9020 6050:9020 6010:9021 6050:9021 6011:9018 6051:9018 6011:9020 6051:9020 6011:9021 6051:9021 6012:9018 6052:9018 6012:9020 6052:9020 6012:9021 6052:9021 6013:9018 6053:9018 6013:9020 6053:9020 6013:9021 6053:9021 6014:9018 6054:9018 6014:9020 6054:9020 6014:9021 6054:9021 6015:9018 6055:9018 6015:9020 6055:9020 6015:9021 6055:9021 6016:9018 6056:9018 6016:9020 6056:9020 6016:9021 6056:9021 6017:9018 6057:9018 6017:9020 6057:9020 6017:9021 6057:9021 6018:9018 6058:9018 6018:9020 6058:9020 6018:9021 6058:9021 6019:9018 6059:9018 6019:9020 6059:9020 6019:9021 6059:9021 6020:9018 6060:9018 6020:9020 6060:9020 6020:9021 6060:9021 6021:9018 6061:9018 6021:9020 6061:9020 6021:9021 6061:9021 6022:9018 6062:9018 6022:9020 6062:9020 6022:9021 6062:9021 6023:9018 6063:9018 6023:9020 6063:9020 6023:9021 6063:9021 6024:9018 6064:9018 6024:9020 6064:9020 6024:9021 6064:9021 6025:9018 6065:9018 6025:9020 6065:9020 6025:9021 6065:9021 6026:9018 6066:9018 6026:9020 6066:9020 6026:9021 6066:9021 6027:9018 6067:9018 6027:9020 6067:9020 6027:9021 6067:9021 6028:9018 6068:9018 6028:9020 6068:9020 6028:9021 6068:9021 6029:9018 6069:9018 6029:9020 6069:9020 6029:9021 6069:9021 6030:9018 6070:9018 6030:9020 6070:9020 6030:9021 6070:9021 6031:9018 6071:9018 6031:9020 6071:9020 6031:9021 6071:9021 6032:9018 6072:9018 6032:9020 6072:9020 6032:9021 6072:9021 6033:9018 6073:9018 6033:9020 6073:9020 6033:9021 6073:9021 6034:9018 6074:9018 6034:9020 6074:9020 6034:9021 6074:9021 6035:9018 6075:9018 6035:9020 6075:9020 6035:9021 6075:9021 6036:9018 6076:9018 6036:9020 6076:9020 6036:9021 6076:9021 6037:9018 6077:9018 6037:9020 6077:9020 6037:9021 6077:9021 6038:9018 6078:9018 6038:9020 6078:9020 6038:9021 6078:9021 6039:9018 6039:9020 6039:9021 6000:9025 6040:9025 6000:9026 6040:9026 6000:9036 6040:9036 6001:9025 6041:9025 6001:9026 6041:9026 6001:9036 6041:9036 6002:9025 6042:9025 6002:9026 6042:9026 6002:9036 6042:9036 6003:9025 6043:9025 6003:9026 6043:9026 6003:9036 6043:9036 6004:9025 6044:9025 6004:9026 6044:9026 6004:9036 6044:9036 6005:9025 6045:9025 6005:9026 6045:9026 6005:9036 6045:9036 6006:9025 6046:9025 6006:9026 6046:9026 6006:9036 6046:9036 6007:9025 6047:9025 6007:9026 6047:9026 6007:9036 6047:9036 6008:9025 6048:9025 6008:9026 6048:9026 6008:9036 6048:9036 6009:9025 6049:9025 6009:9026 6049:9026 6009:9036 6049:9036 6010:9025 6050:9025 6010:9026 6050:9026 6010:9036 6050:9036 6011:9025 6051:9025 6011:9026 6051:9026 6011:9036 6051:9036 6012:9025 6052:9025 6012:9026 6052:9026 6012:9036 6052:9036 6013:9025 6053:9025 6013:9026 6053:9026 6013:9036 6053:9036 6014:9025 6054:9025 6014:9026 6054:9026 6014:9036 6054:9036 6015:9025 6055:9025 6015:9026 6055:9026 6015:9036 6055:9036 6016:9025 6056:9025 6016:9026 6056:9026 6016:9036 6056:9036 6017:9025 6057:9025 6017:9026 6057:9026 6017:9036 6057:9036 6018:9025 6058:9025 6018:9026 6058:9026 6018:9036 6058:9036 6019:9025 6059:9025 6019:9026 6059:9026 6019:9036 6059:9036 6020:9025 6060:9025 6020:9026 6060:9026 6020:9036 6060:9036 6021:9025 6061:9025 6021:9026 6061:9026 6021:9036 6061:9036 6022:9025 6062:9025 6022:9026 6062:9026 6022:9036 6062:9036 6023:9025 6063:9025 6023:9026 6063:9026 6023:9036 6063:9036 6024:9025 6064:9025 6024:9026 6064:9026 6024:9036 6064:9036 6025:9025 6065:9025 6025:9026 6065:9026 6025:9036 6065:9036 6026:9025 6066:9025 6026:9026 6066:9026 6026:9036 6066:9036 6027:9025 6067:9025 6027:9026 6067:9026 6027:9036 6067:9036 6028:9025 6068:9025 6028:9026 6068:9026 6028:9036 6068:9036 6029:9025 6069:9025 6029:9026 6069:9026 6029:9036 6069:9036 6030:9025 6070:9025 6030:9026 6070:9026 6030:9036 6070:9036 6031:9025 6071:9025 6031:9026 6071:9026 6031:9036 6071:9036 6032:9025 6072:9025 6032:9026 6072:9026 6032:9036 6072:9036 6033:9025 6073:9025 6033:9026 6073:9026 6033:9036 6073:9036 6034:9025 6074:9025 6034:9026 6074:9026 6034:9036 6074:9036 6035:9025 6075:9025 6035:9026 6075:9026 6035:9036 6075:9036 6036:9025 6076:9025 6036:9026 6076:9026 6036:9036 6076:9036 6037:9025 6077:9025 6037:9026 6077:9026 6037:9036 6077:9036 6038:9025 6078:9025 6038:9026 6078:9026 6038:9036 6078:9036 6039:9025 6039:9026 6039:9036 6000:9038 6040:9038 6000:9039 6040:9039 6000:9040 6040:9040 6001:9038 6041:9038 6001:9039 6041:9039 6001:9040 6041:9040 6002:9038 6042:9038 6002:9039 6042:9039 6002:9040 6042:9040 6003:9038 6043:9038 6003:9039 6043:9039 6003:9040 6043:9040 6004:9038 6044:9038 6004:9039 6044:9039 6004:9040 6044:9040 6005:9038 6045:9038 6005:9039 6045:9039 6005:9040 6045:9040 6006:9038 6046:9038 6006:9039 6046:9039 6006:9040 6046:9040 6007:9038 6047:9038 6007:9039 6047:9039 6007:9040 6047:9040 6008:9038 6048:9038 6008:9039 6048:9039 6008:9040 6048:9040 6009:9038 6049:9038 6009:9039 6049:9039 6009:9040 6049:9040 6010:9038 6050:9038 6010:9039 6050:9039 6010:9040 6050:9040 6011:9038 6051:9038 6011:9039 6051:9039 6011:9040 6051:9040 6012:9038 6052:9038 6012:9039 6052:9039 6012:9040 6052:9040 6013:9038 6053:9038 6013:9039 6053:9039 6013:9040 6053:9040 6014:9038 6054:9038 6014:9039 6054:9039 6014:9040 6054:9040 6015:9038 6055:9038 6015:9039 6055:9039 6015:9040 6055:9040 6016:9038 6056:9038 6016:9039 6056:9039 6016:9040 6056:9040 6017:9038 6057:9038 6017:9039 6057:9039 6017:9040 6057:9040 6018:9038 6058:9038 6018:9039 6058:9039 6018:9040 6058:9040 6019:9038 6059:9038 6019:9039 6059:9039 6019:9040 6059:9040 6020:9038 6060:9038 6020:9039 6060:9039 6020:9040 6060:9040 6021:9038 6061:9038 6021:9039 6061:9039 6021:9040 6061:9040 6022:9038 6062:9038 6022:9039 6062:9039 6022:9040 6062:9040 6023:9038 6063:9038 6023:9039 6063:9039 6023:9040 6063:9040 6024:9038 6064:9038 6024:9039 6064:9039 6024:9040 6064:9040 6025:9038 6065:9038 6025:9039 6065:9039 6025:9040 6065:9040 6026:9038 6066:9038 6026:9039 6066:9039 6026:9040 6066:9040 6027:9038 6067:9038 6027:9039 6067:9039 6027:9040 6067:9040 6028:9038 6068:9038 6028:9039 6068:9039 6028:9040 6068:9040 6029:9038 6069:9038 6029:9039 6069:9039 6029:9040 6069:9040 6030:9038 6070:9038 6030:9039 6070:9039 6030:9040 6070:9040 6031:9038 6071:9038 6031:9039 6071:9039 6031:9040 6071:9040 6032:9038 6072:9038 6032:9039 6072:9039 6032:9040 6072:9040 6033:9038 6073:9038 6033:9039 6073:9039 6033:9040 6073:9040 6034:9038 6074:9038 6034:9039 6074:9039 6034:9040 6074:9040 6035:9038 6075:9038 6035:9039 6075:9039 6035:9040 6075:9040 6036:9038 6076:9038 6036:9039 6076:9039 6036:9040 6076:9040 6037:9038 6077:9038 6037:9039 6077:9039 6037:9040 6077:9040 6038:9038 6078:9038 6038:9039 6078:9039 6038:9040 6078:9040 6039:9038 6039:9039 6039:9040 6000:9041 6040:9041 6000:9042 6040:9042 6000:9043 6040:9043 6001:9041 6041:9041 6001:9042 6041:9042 6001:9043 6041:9043 6002:9041 6042:9041 6002:9042 6042:9042 6002:9043 6042:9043 6003:9041 6043:9041 6003:9042 6043:9042 6003:9043 6043:9043 6004:9041 6044:9041 6004:9042 6044:9042 6004:9043 6044:9043 6005:9041 6045:9041 6005:9042 6045:9042 6005:9043 6045:9043 6006:9041 6046:9041 6006:9042 6046:9042 6006:9043 6046:9043 6007:9041 6047:9041 6007:9042 6047:9042 6007:9043 6047:9043 6008:9041 6048:9041 6008:9042 6048:9042 6008:9043 6048:9043 6009:9041 6049:9041 6009:9042 6049:9042 6009:9043 6049:9043 6010:9041 6050:9041 6010:9042 6050:9042 6010:9043 6050:9043 6011:9041 6051:9041 6011:9042 6051:9042 6011:9043 6051:9043 6012:9041 6052:9041 6012:9042 6052:9042 6012:9043 6052:9043 6013:9041 6053:9041 6013:9042 6053:9042 6013:9043 6053:9043 6014:9041 6054:9041 6014:9042 6054:9042 6014:9043 6054:9043 6015:9041 6055:9041 6015:9042 6055:9042 6015:9043 6055:9043 6016:9041 6056:9041 6016:9042 6056:9042 6016:9043 6056:9043 6017:9041 6057:9041 6017:9042 6057:9042 6017:9043 6057:9043 6018:9041 6058:9041 6018:9042 6058:9042 6018:9043 6058:9043 6019:9041 6059:9041 6019:9042 6059:9042 6019:9043 6059:9043 6020:9041 6060:9041 6020:9042 6060:9042 6020:9043 6060:9043 6021:9041 6061:9041 6021:9042 6061:9042 6021:9043 6061:9043 6022:9041 6062:9041 6022:9042 6062:9042 6022:9043 6062:9043 6023:9041 6063:9041 6023:9042 6063:9042 6023:9043 6063:9043 6024:9041 6064:9041 6024:9042 6064:9042 6024:9043 6064:9043 6025:9041 6065:9041 6025:9042 6065:9042 6025:9043 6065:9043 6026:9041 6066:9041 6026:9042 6066:9042 6026:9043 6066:9043 6027:9041 6067:9041 6027:9042 6067:9042 6027:9043 6067:9043 6028:9041 6068:9041 6028:9042 6068:9042 6028:9043 6068:9043 6029:9041 6069:9041 6029:9042 6069:9042 6029:9043 6069:9043 6030:9041 6070:9041 6030:9042 6070:9042 6030:9043 6070:9043 6031:9041 6071:9041 6031:9042 6071:9042 6031:9043 6071:9043 6032:9041 6072:9041 6032:9042 6072:9042 6032:9043 6072:9043 6033:9041 6073:9041 6033:9042 6073:9042 6033:9043 6073:9043 6034:9041 6074:9041 6034:9042 6074:9042 6034:9043 6074:9043 6035:9041 6075:9041 6035:9042 6075:9042 6035:9043 6075:9043 6036:9041 6076:9041 6036:9042 6076:9042 6036:9043 6076:9043 6037:9041 6077:9041 6037:9042 6077:9042 6037:9043 6077:9043 6038:9041 6078:9041 6038:9042 6078:9042 6038:9043 6078:9043 6039:9041 6039:9042 6039:9043 6000:9044 6040:9044 6000:9045 6040:9045 6000:9047 6040:9047 6001:9044 6041:9044 6001:9045 6041:9045 6001:9047 6041:9047 6002:9044 6042:9044 6002:9045 6042:9045 6002:9047 6042:9047 6003:9044 6043:9044 6003:9045 6043:9045 6003:9047 6043:9047 6004:9044 6044:9044 6004:9045 6044:9045 6004:9047 6044:9047 6005:9044 6045:9044 6005:9045 6045:9045 6005:9047 6045:9047 6006:9044 6046:9044 6006:9045 6046:9045 6006:9047 6046:9047 6007:9044 6047:9044 6007:9045 6047:9045 6007:9047 6047:9047 6008:9044 6048:9044 6008:9045 6048:9045 6008:9047 6048:9047 6009:9044 6049:9044 6009:9045 6049:9045 6009:9047 6049:9047 6010:9044 6050:9044 6010:9045 6050:9045 6010:9047 6050:9047 6011:9044 6051:9044 6011:9045 6051:9045 6011:9047 6051:9047 6012:9044 6052:9044 6012:9045 6052:9045 6012:9047 6052:9047 6013:9044 6053:9044 6013:9045 6053:9045 6013:9047 6053:9047 6014:9044 6054:9044 6014:9045 6054:9045 6014:9047 6054:9047 6015:9044 6055:9044 6015:9045 6055:9045 6015:9047 6055:9047 6016:9044 6056:9044 6016:9045 6056:9045 6016:9047 6056:9047 6017:9044 6057:9044 6017:9045 6057:9045 6017:9047 6057:9047 6018:9044 6058:9044 6018:9045 6058:9045 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6019:9295 6059:9295 6019:9296 6059:9296 6019:9297 6059:9297 6020:9295 6060:9295 6020:9296 6060:9296 6020:9297 6060:9297 6021:9295 6061:9295 6021:9296 6061:9296 6021:9297 6061:9297 6022:9295 6062:9295 6022:9296 6062:9296 6022:9297 6062:9297 6023:9295 6063:9295 6023:9296 6063:9296 6023:9297 6063:9297 6024:9295 6064:9295 6024:9296 6064:9296 6024:9297 6064:9297 6025:9295 6065:9295 6025:9296 6065:9296 6025:9297 6065:9297 6026:9295 6066:9295 6026:9296 6066:9296 6026:9297 6066:9297 6027:9295 6067:9295 6027:9296 6067:9296 6027:9297 6067:9297 6028:9295 6068:9295 6028:9296 6068:9296 6028:9297 6068:9297 6029:9295 6069:9295 6029:9296 6069:9296 6029:9297 6069:9297 6030:9295 6070:9295 6030:9296 6070:9296 6030:9297 6070:9297 6031:9295 6071:9295 6031:9296 6071:9296 6031:9297 6071:9297 6032:9295 6072:9295 6032:9296 6072:9296 6032:9297 6072:9297 6033:9295 6073:9295 6033:9296 6073:9296 6033:9297 6073:9297 6034:9295 6074:9295 6034:9296 6074:9296 6034:9297 6074:9297 6035:9295 6075:9295 6035:9296 6075:9296 6035:9297 6075:9297 6036:9295 6076:9295 6036:9296 6076:9296 6036:9297 6076:9297 6037:9295 6077:9295 6037:9296 6077:9296 6037:9297 6077:9297 6038:9295 6078:9295 6038:9296 6078:9296 6038:9297 6078:9297 6039:9295 6039:9296 6039:9297 6000:9298 6040:9298 6000:9299 6040:9299 6000:9300 6040:9300 6001:9298 6041:9298 6001:9299 6041:9299 6001:9300 6041:9300 6002:9298 6042:9298 6002:9299 6042:9299 6002:9300 6042:9300 6003:9298 6043:9298 6003:9299 6043:9299 6003:9300 6043:9300 6004:9298 6044:9298 6004:9299 6044:9299 6004:9300 6044:9300 6005:9298 6045:9298 6005:9299 6045:9299 6005:9300 6045:9300 6006:9298 6046:9298 6006:9299 6046:9299 6006:9300 6046:9300 6007:9298 6047:9298 6007:9299 6047:9299 6007:9300 6047:9300 6008:9298 6048:9298 6008:9299 6048:9299 6008:9300 6048:9300 6009:9298 6049:9298 6009:9299 6049:9299 6009:9300 6049:9300 6010:9298 6050:9298 6010:9299 6050:9299 6010:9300 6050:9300 6011:9298 6051:9298 6011:9299 6051:9299 6011:9300 6051:9300 6012:9298 6052:9298 6012:9299 6052:9299 6012:9300 6052:9300 6013:9298 6053:9298 6013:9299 6053:9299 6013:9300 6053:9300 6014:9298 6054:9298 6014:9299 6054:9299 6014:9300 6054:9300 6015:9298 6055:9298 6015:9299 6055:9299 6015:9300 6055:9300 6016:9298 6056:9298 6016:9299 6056:9299 6016:9300 6056:9300 6017:9298 6057:9298 6017:9299 6057:9299 6017:9300 6057:9300 6018:9298 6058:9298 6018:9299 6058:9299 6018:9300 6058:9300 6019:9298 6059:9298 6019:9299 6059:9299 6019:9300 6059:9300 6020:9298 6060:9298 6020:9299 6060:9299 6020:9300 6060:9300 6021:9298 6061:9298 6021:9299 6061:9299 6021:9300 6061:9300 6022:9298 6062:9298 6022:9299 6062:9299 6022:9300 6062:9300 6023:9298 6063:9298 6023:9299 6063:9299 6023:9300 6063:9300 6024:9298 6064:9298 6024:9299 6064:9299 6024:9300 6064:9300 6025:9298 6065:9298 6025:9299 6065:9299 6025:9300 6065:9300 6026:9298 6066:9298 6026:9299 6066:9299 6026:9300 6066:9300 6027:9298 6067:9298 6027:9299 6067:9299 6027:9300 6067:9300 6028:9298 6068:9298 6028:9299 6068:9299 6028:9300 6068:9300 6029:9298 6069:9298 6029:9299 6069:9299 6029:9300 6069:9300 6030:9298 6070:9298 6030:9299 6070:9299 6030:9300 6070:9300 6031:9298 6071:9298 6031:9299 6071:9299 6031:9300 6071:9300 6032:9298 6072:9298 6032:9299 6072:9299 6032:9300 6072:9300 6033:9298 6073:9298 6033:9299 6073:9299 6033:9300 6073:9300 6034:9298 6074:9298 6034:9299 6074:9299 6034:9300 6074:9300 6035:9298 6075:9298 6035:9299 6075:9299 6035:9300 6075:9300 6036:9298 6076:9298 6036:9299 6076:9299 6036:9300 6076:9300 6037:9298 6077:9298 6037:9299 6077:9299 6037:9300 6077:9300 6038:9298 6078:9298 6038:9299 6078:9299 6038:9300 6078:9300 6039:9298 6039:9299 6039:9300 6000:9301 6040:9301 6000:9302 6040:9302 6000:9303 6040:9303 6001:9301 6041:9301 6001:9302 6041:9302 6001:9303 6041:9303 6002:9301 6042:9301 6002:9302 6042:9302 6002:9303 6042:9303 6003:9301 6043:9301 6003:9302 6043:9302 6003:9303 6043:9303 6004:9301 6044:9301 6004:9302 6044:9302 6004:9303 6044:9303 6005:9301 6045:9301 6005:9302 6045:9302 6005:9303 6045:9303 6006:9301 6046:9301 6006:9302 6046:9302 6006:9303 6046:9303 6007:9301 6047:9301 6007:9302 6047:9302 6007:9303 6047:9303 6008:9301 6048:9301 6008:9302 6048:9302 6008:9303 6048:9303 6009:9301 6049:9301 6009:9302 6049:9302 6009:9303 6049:9303 6010:9301 6050:9301 6010:9302 6050:9302 6010:9303 6050:9303 6011:9301 6051:9301 6011:9302 6051:9302 6011:9303 6051:9303 6012:9301 6052:9301 6012:9302 6052:9302 6012:9303 6052:9303 6013:9301 6053:9301 6013:9302 6053:9302 6013:9303 6053:9303 6014:9301 6054:9301 6014:9302 6054:9302 6014:9303 6054:9303 6015:9301 6055:9301 6015:9302 6055:9302 6015:9303 6055:9303 6016:9301 6056:9301 6016:9302 6056:9302 6016:9303 6056:9303 6017:9301 6057:9301 6017:9302 6057:9302 6017:9303 6057:9303 6018:9301 6058:9301 6018:9302 6058:9302 6018:9303 6058:9303 6019:9301 6059:9301 6019:9302 6059:9302 6019:9303 6059:9303 6020:9301 6060:9301 6020:9302 6060:9302 6020:9303 6060:9303 6021:9301 6061:9301 6021:9302 6061:9302 6021:9303 6061:9303 6022:9301 6062:9301 6022:9302 6062:9302 6022:9303 6062:9303 6023:9301 6063:9301 6023:9302 6063:9302 6023:9303 6063:9303 6024:9301 6064:9301 6024:9302 6064:9302 6024:9303 6064:9303 6025:9301 6065:9301 6025:9302 6065:9302 6025:9303 6065:9303 6026:9301 6066:9301 6026:9302 6066:9302 6026:9303 6066:9303 6027:9301 6067:9301 6027:9302 6067:9302 6027:9303 6067:9303 6028:9301 6068:9301 6028:9302 6068:9302 6028:9303 6068:9303 6029:9301 6069:9301 6029:9302 6069:9302 6029:9303 6069:9303 6030:9301 6070:9301 6030:9302 6070:9302 6030:9303 6070:9303 6031:9301 6071:9301 6031:9302 6071:9302 6031:9303 6071:9303 6032:9301 6072:9301 6032:9302 6072:9302 6032:9303 6072:9303 6033:9301 6073:9301 6033:9302 6073:9302 6033:9303 6073:9303 6034:9301 6074:9301 6034:9302 6074:9302 6034:9303 6074:9303 6035:9301 6075:9301 6035:9302 6075:9302 6035:9303 6075:9303 6036:9301 6076:9301 6036:9302 6076:9302 6036:9303 6076:9303 6037:9301 6077:9301 6037:9302 6077:9302 6037:9303 6077:9303 6038:9301 6078:9301 6038:9302 6078:9302 6038:9303 6078:9303 6039:9301 6039:9302 6039:9303 6000:9304 6040:9304 6000:9305 6040:9305 6000:9306 6040:9306 6001:9304 6041:9304 6001:9305 6041:9305 6001:9306 6041:9306 6002:9304 6042:9304 6002:9305 6042:9305 6002:9306 6042:9306 6003:9304 6043:9304 6003:9305 6043:9305 6003:9306 6043:9306 6004:9304 6044:9304 6004:9305 6044:9305 6004:9306 6044:9306 6005:9304 6045:9304 6005:9305 6045:9305 6005:9306 6045:9306 6006:9304 6046:9304 6006:9305 6046:9305 6006:9306 6046:9306 6007:9304 6047:9304 6007:9305 6047:9305 6007:9306 6047:9306 6008:9304 6048:9304 6008:9305 6048:9305 6008:9306 6048:9306 6009:9304 6049:9304 6009:9305 6049:9305 6009:9306 6049:9306 6010:9304 6050:9304 6010:9305 6050:9305 6010:9306 6050:9306 6011:9304 6051:9304 6011:9305 6051:9305 6011:9306 6051:9306 6012:9304 6052:9304 6012:9305 6052:9305 6012:9306 6052:9306 6013:9304 6053:9304 6013:9305 6053:9305 6013:9306 6053:9306 6014:9304 6054:9304 6014:9305 6054:9305 6014:9306 6054:9306 6015:9304 6055:9304 6015:9305 6055:9305 6015:9306 6055:9306 6016:9304 6056:9304 6016:9305 6056:9305 6016:9306 6056:9306 6017:9304 6057:9304 6017:9305 6057:9305 6017:9306 6057:9306 6018:9304 6058:9304 6018:9305 6058:9305 6018:9306 6058:9306 6019:9304 6059:9304 6019:9305 6059:9305 6019:9306 6059:9306 6020:9304 6060:9304 6020:9305 6060:9305 6020:9306 6060:9306 6021:9304 6061:9304 6021:9305 6061:9305 6021:9306 6061:9306 6022:9304 6062:9304 6022:9305 6062:9305 6022:9306 6062:9306 6023:9304 6063:9304 6023:9305 6063:9305 6023:9306 6063:9306 6024:9304 6064:9304 6024:9305 6064:9305 6024:9306 6064:9306 6025:9304 6065:9304 6025:9305 6065:9305 6025:9306 6065:9306 6026:9304 6066:9304 6026:9305 6066:9305 6026:9306 6066:9306 6027:9304 6067:9304 6027:9305 6067:9305 6027:9306 6067:9306 6028:9304 6068:9304 6028:9305 6068:9305 6028:9306 6068:9306 6029:9304 6069:9304 6029:9305 6069:9305 6029:9306 6069:9306 6030:9304 6070:9304 6030:9305 6070:9305 6030:9306 6070:9306 6031:9304 6071:9304 6031:9305 6071:9305 6031:9306 6071:9306 6032:9304 6072:9304 6032:9305 6072:9305 6032:9306 6072:9306 6033:9304 6073:9304 6033:9305 6073:9305 6033:9306 6073:9306 6034:9304 6074:9304 6034:9305 6074:9305 6034:9306 6074:9306 6035:9304 6075:9304 6035:9305 6075:9305 6035:9306 6075:9306 6036:9304 6076:9304 6036:9305 6076:9305 6036:9306 6076:9306 6037:9304 6077:9304 6037:9305 6077:9305 6037:9306 6077:9306 6038:9304 6078:9304 6038:9305 6078:9305 6038:9306 6078:9306 6039:9304 6039:9305 6039:9306 6000:9307 6040:9307 6000:9308 6040:9308 6000:9309 6040:9309 6001:9307 6041:9307 6001:9308 6041:9308 6001:9309 6041:9309 6002:9307 6042:9307 6002:9308 6042:9308 6002:9309 6042:9309 6003:9307 6043:9307 6003:9308 6043:9308 6003:9309 6043:9309 6004:9307 6044:9307 6004:9308 6044:9308 6004:9309 6044:9309 6005:9307 6045:9307 6005:9308 6045:9308 6005:9309 6045:9309 6006:9307 6046:9307 6006:9308 6046:9308 6006:9309 6046:9309 6007:9307 6047:9307 6007:9308 6047:9308 6007:9309 6047:9309 6008:9307 6048:9307 6008:9308 6048:9308 6008:9309 6048:9309 6009:9307 6049:9307 6009:9308 6049:9308 6009:9309 6049:9309 6010:9307 6050:9307 6010:9308 6050:9308 6010:9309 6050:9309 6011:9307 6051:9307 6011:9308 6051:9308 6011:9309 6051:9309 6012:9307 6052:9307 6012:9308 6052:9308 6012:9309 6052:9309 6013:9307 6053:9307 6013:9308 6053:9308 6013:9309 6053:9309 6014:9307 6054:9307 6014:9308 6054:9308 6014:9309 6054:9309 6015:9307 6055:9307 6015:9308 6055:9308 6015:9309 6055:9309 6016:9307 6056:9307 6016:9308 6056:9308 6016:9309 6056:9309 6017:9307 6057:9307 6017:9308 6057:9308 6017:9309 6057:9309 6018:9307 6058:9307 6018:9308 6058:9308 6018:9309 6058:9309 6019:9307 6059:9307 6019:9308 6059:9308 6019:9309 6059:9309 6020:9307 6060:9307 6020:9308 6060:9308 6020:9309 6060:9309 6021:9307 6061:9307 6021:9308 6061:9308 6021:9309 6061:9309 6022:9307 6062:9307 6022:9308 6062:9308 6022:9309 6062:9309 6023:9307 6063:9307 6023:9308 6063:9308 6023:9309 6063:9309 6024:9307 6064:9307 6024:9308 6064:9308 6024:9309 6064:9309 6025:9307 6065:9307 6025:9308 6065:9308 6025:9309 6065:9309 6026:9307 6066:9307 6026:9308 6066:9308 6026:9309 6066:9309 6027:9307 6067:9307 6027:9308 6067:9308 6027:9309 6067:9309 6028:9307 6068:9307 6028:9308 6068:9308 6028:9309 6068:9309 6029:9307 6069:9307 6029:9308 6069:9308 6029:9309 6069:9309 6030:9307 6070:9307 6030:9308 6070:9308 6030:9309 6070:9309 6031:9307 6071:9307 6031:9308 6071:9308 6031:9309 6071:9309 6032:9307 6072:9307 6032:9308 6072:9308 6032:9309 6072:9309 6033:9307 6073:9307 6033:9308 6073:9308 6033:9309 6073:9309 6034:9307 6074:9307 6034:9308 6074:9308 6034:9309 6074:9309 6035:9307 6075:9307 6035:9308 6075:9308 6035:9309 6075:9309 6036:9307 6076:9307 6036:9308 6076:9308 6036:9309 6076:9309 6037:9307 6077:9307 6037:9308 6077:9308 6037:9309 6077:9309 6038:9307 6078:9307 6038:9308 6078:9308 6038:9309 6078:9309 6039:9307 6039:9308 6039:9309 6000:9310 6040:9310 — — — — 6001:9310 6041:9310 6002:9310 6042:9310 6003:9310 6043:9310 6004:9310 6044:9310 6005:9310 6045:9310 6006:9310 6046:9310 6007:9310 6047:9310 6008:9310 6048:9310 6009:9310 6049:9310 6010:9310 6050:9310 6011:9310 6051:9310 6012:9310 6052:9310 6013:9310 6053:9310 6014:9310 6054:9310 6015:9310 6055:9310 6016:9310 6056:9310 6017:9310 6057:9310 6018:9310 6058:9310 6019:9310 6059:9310 6020:9310 6060:9310 6021:9310 6061:9310 6022:9310 6062:9310 6023:9310 6063:9310 6024:9310 6064:9310 6025:9310 6065:9310 6026:9310 6066:9310 6027:9310 6067:9310 6028:9310 6068:9310 6029:9310 6069:9310 6030:9310 6070:9310 6031:9310 6071:9310 6032:9310 6072:9310 6033:9310 6073:9310 6034:9310 6074:9310 6035:9310 6075:9310 6036:9310 6076:9310 6037:9310 6077:9310 6038:9310 6078:9310 6039:9310

TABLE E Example combinations of a compound X with a compound Y. 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8006:9297 8006:9298 8006:9299 8007:9294 8007:9295 8007:9296 8007:9297 8007:9298 8007:9299 8008:9294 8008:9295 8008:9296 8008:9297 8008:9298 8008:9299 8009:9294 8009:9295 8009:9296 8009:9297 8009:9298 8009:9299 8010:9294 8010:9295 8010:9296 8010:9297 8010:9298 8010:9299 8011:9294 8011:9295 8011:9296 8011:9297 8011:9298 8011:9299 8012:9294 8012:9295 8012:9296 8012:9297 8012:9298 8012:9299 8013:9294 8013:9295 8013:9296 8013:9297 8013:9298 8013:9299 8014:9294 8014:9295 8014:9296 8014:9297 8014:9298 8014:9299 8015:9294 8015:9295 8015:9296 8015:9297 8015:9298 8015:9299 8016:9294 8016:9295 8016:9296 8016:9297 8016:9298 8016:9299 8000:9300 8000:9301 8000:9302 8000:9303 8000:9304 8000:9305 8001:9300 8001:9301 8001:9302 8001:9303 8001:9304 8001:9305 8002:9300 8002:9301 8002:9302 8002:9303 8002:9304 8002:9305 8003:9300 8003:9301 8003:9302 8003:9303 8003:9304 8003:9305 8004:9300 8004:9301 8004:9302 8004:9303 8004:9304 8004:9305 8005:9300 8005:9301 8005:9302 8005:9303 8005:9304 8005:9305 8006:9300 8006:9301 8006:9302 8006:9303 8006:9304 8006:9305 8007:9300 8007:9301 8007:9302 8007:9303 8007:9304 8007:9305 8008:9300 8008:9301 8008:9302 8008:9303 8008:9304 8008:9305 8009:9300 8009:9301 8009:9302 8009:9303 8009:9304 8009:9305 8010:9300 8010:9301 8010:9302 8010:9303 8010:9304 8010:9305 8011:9300 8011:9301 8011:9302 8011:9303 8011:9304 8011:9305 8012:9300 8012:9301 8012:9302 8012:9303 8012:9304 8012:9305 8013:9300 8013:9301 8013:9302 8013:9303 8013:9304 8013:9305 8014:9300 8014:9301 8014:9302 8014:9303 8014:9304 8014:9305 8015:9300 8015:9301 8015:9302 8015:9303 8015:9304 8015:9305 8016:9300 8016:9301 8016:9302 8016:9303 8016:9304 8016:9305 8000:9306 8000:9307 8000:9308 8000:9309 8000:9310 — 8001:9306 8001:9307 8001:9308 8001:9309 8001:9310 8002:9306 8002:9307 8002:9308 8002:9309 8002:9310 8003:9306 8003:9307 8003:9308 8003:9309 8003:9310 8004:9306 8004:9307 8004:9308 8004:9309 8004:9310 8005:9306 8005:9307 8005:9308 8005:9309 8005:9310 8006:9306 8006:9307 8006:9308 8006:9309 8006:9310 8007:9306 8007:9307 8007:9308 8007:9309 8007:9310 8008:9306 8008:9307 8008:9308 8008:9309 8008:9310 8009:9306 8009:9307 8009:9308 8009:9309 8009:9310 8010:9306 8010:9307 8010:9308 8010:9309 8010:9310 8011:9306 8011:9307 8011:9308 8011:9309 8011:9310 8012:9306 8012:9307 8012:9308 8012:9309 8012:9310 8013:9306 8013:9307 8013:9308 8013:9309 8013:9310 8014:9306 8014:9307 8014:9308 8014:9309 8014:9310 8015:9306 8015:9307 8015:9308 8015:9309 8015:9310 8016:9306 8016:9307 8016:9308 8016:9309 8016:9310

Compounds

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method and/or use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: B^(1A) can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; - - - - - - - - can be absent or a single bond, provided that both - - - - - - - - are absent or both - - - - - - - - are a single bond; when - - - - - - - - are both absent, then Z¹ can be absent, O¹ can be OR^(1A), R^(3A) can be selected from H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4A) can be selected from H, OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(B), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(B1)R″^(B2), or R^(3A) and R^(4A) can be both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring; when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, then Z¹ can be

O¹ can be O, R^(3A) can be O; R^(4A) can be selected from H, OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(B), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(B1)R″^(B2); and R^(1B) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl.

an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(a1) and R^(a2) can be independently hydrogen or deuterium; R^(A) can be hydrogen, deuterium, an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₃alkynyl or cyano; R^(1A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl, an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid,

R^(2A) can be hydrogen, halo, an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, —CHF₂, —(CH₂)₁₋₆halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃, —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂ or —CN; R^(5A) can be selected from H, halo, OH, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; R^(6A), R^(7A) and R^(8A) can be independently selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkenyl,

or R^(6A) can be

and R^(7A) can be absent or hydrogen; or R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be taken together to form a moiety selected from an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6A) and R^(7A), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system; R^(9A) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, NR^(30A)R^(31A), an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(10A) and R^(11A) can be independently an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14A) can be O—, OH or methyl; each R^(15A), each R^(16A), each R^(17A) and each R^(18A) can be independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an alkoxy; R^(19A), R^(20A) R^(22A), R^(23A), R^(2B), R^(3B), R^(5B) and R^(6B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(21A) and R^(4B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; R^(24A) and R^(7B) can be independently selected from of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl and

R^(25A), R^(26A), R^(29A), R^(8B) and R^(9B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(27A1) and R^(27A2) can be independently selected from —C≡N, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkoxycarbonyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; R^(30A) and R^(31A) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₄ alkyl); R″^(A) and each R″^(B) can be independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl; each R″^(B1) and each R″^(B2) can be independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; m, v and w can be independently 0 or 1; p and q can be independently 1, 2 or 3; r and s can be independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; t can be 1 or 2; u and y can be independently 3, 4 or 5; and Z^(1A), Z^(2A), Z^(3A), Z^(4A), Z^(1B) and Z^(2B) can be independently oxygen (O) or sulfur (S).

A compound of Formula (I) can be a nucleoside, a nucleotide (including a monophosphate, a diphosphate, a triphosphate, thiomonophosphate, alpha-thiodiphosphate and/or alpha-thiotriphosphate) or a nucleotide prodrug. In some embodiments, - - - - - - - - can be both absent, Z¹ can be absent, O¹ can be OR^(1A), R^(3A) can be selected from H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4A) can be selected from OH, halo, —OC(═O)R″^(B) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, or R^(3A) and R^(4A) can be both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring.

Various substituents can be attached to the 5′-position of Formula (I) when both - - - - - - - - are absent. In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be an optionally substituted acyl. For example, R^(1A) can be —C(═O)R^(39A), wherein R^(39A) can be selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, R^(39A) can be a substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(39A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be —C(═O)-unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiments, both R^(a1) and R^(a2) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(a1) can be hydrogen and R^(a2) can be deuterium. In still other embodiments, both R^(a1) and R^(a2) can be deuterium.

In still other embodiments, R^(1A) can be an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. Examples of suitable O-linked amino acids include alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Additional examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, ornithine, hypusine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, dehydroalanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, beta-alanine, alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and norleucine. In some embodiments, the O-linked amino acid can have the structure

wherein R^(40A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(41A) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; or R^(40A) and R^(41A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Those skilled in the art understand that when R^(1A) is an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, the oxygen of R^(1A)O— of Formula (I) is part of the optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. For example, when R^(1A) is

the oxygen indicated with “*” is the oxygen of R^(1A)O— of Formula (I).

When R^(40A) is substituted, R^(40A) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(40A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(40A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(40A) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(41A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(41A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(41A) can be methyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(40A) and R^(41A), the carbon to which R^(40A) and R^(41A) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(40A) and R^(41A) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(40A) and R^(41A) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both absent. In still other embodiments, at least one R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be absent. In yet still other embodiments, at least one R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be hydrogen. Those skilled in the art understand that when R^(6A) and/or R^(7A) are absent, the associated oxygen(s) will have a negative charge. For example, when R^(6A) is absent, the oxygen associated with R^(6A) will have a negative charge. In some embodiments, Z^(1A) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, Z^(1A) can be S (sulfur). In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be a monophosphate. In other embodiments, R^(1A) can be a monothiophosphate.

In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be

R^(6A) can be

R^(7A) can be absent or hydrogen; R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14A) can be O⁻, OH or methyl; and m can be 0 or 1. In some embodiments, m can be 0, and R^(7A), R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen. In other embodiments, m can be 1, and R^(7A), R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen; and R^(14A) can be O⁻, OH or methyl. In some embodiments, m can be 1, and R^(7A), R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen; and R^(14A) can be O⁻ or OH. In other embodiments, m can be 1, and R^(7A), R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen; and R^(14A) can be methyl. Those skilled in the art understand that when m is 0, R^(6A) can be a diphosphate, when Z^(1A) is oxygen, or an alpha-thiodiphosphate, when Z^(1A) is sulfur. Likewise, those skilled in the art understand that when m is 1, R^(6A) can be a triphosphate, when Z^(1A) is oxygen, or an alpha-thiotriphosphate, when Z^(1A) is sulfur.

In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is

one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be hydrogen, and the other of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be hydrogen, and the other of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be independently an optionally substituted group selected from the following: myristoleyl, myristyl, palmitoleyl, palmityl, sapienyl, oleyl, elaidyl, vaccenyl, linoleyl, α-linolenyl, arachidonyl, eicosapentaenyl, erucyl, docosahexaenyl, caprylyl, capryl, lauryl, stearyl, arachidyl, behenyl, lignoceryl and cerotyl.

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R^(15A) and each R^(16A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(15A) and R^(16A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(15A) and R^(16A) can be an alkoxy (for example, benzoxy). In some embodiments, p can be 1. In other embodiments, p can be 2. In still other embodiments, p can be 3.

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl. In other embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl. In some embodiments, each R^(17A) and each R^(18A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(17A) and R^(18A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, q can be 1. In other embodiments, q can be 2. In still other embodiments, q can be 3. When at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) is *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, the C₁₋₂₄ alkyl can be selected from caprylyl, capryl, lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, arachidyl, behenyl, lignoceryl, and cerotyl, and the C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl can be selected from myristoleyl, palmitoleyl, sapienyl, oleyl, elaidyl, vaccenyl, linoleyl, α-linolenyl, arachidonyl, eicosapentaenyl, erucyl and docosahexaenyl.

In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is

at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be selected from

and the other of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl).

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be

In some embodiments, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be

When one or both of R^(6A) and R^(7A) are

R^(19A) and R^(20A) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; and R^(21A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R^(19A) and R^(20A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(19A) and R^(20A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(21A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(21A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(21A) can be an optionally substituted aryl. In still other embodiments, R^(21A) can be an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl or an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R^(21A) can be an unsubstituted —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be

When one or both of R^(6A) and R^(7A) are

R^(22A) and R^(23A) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(24A) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; s can be 0, 1, 2 or 3; and Z^(4A) can be independently O (oxygen) or S (sulfur). In some embodiments, R^(22A) and R^(23A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(22A) and R^(23A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(24A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(24A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(24A) can be an optionally substituted aryl. In still other embodiments, R^(24A) can be an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl or an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(24A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(24A) can be an unsubstituted —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, Z^(4A) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, Z^(4A) can be or S (sulfur). In some embodiments, s can be 0. In other embodiments, s can be 1. In still other embodiments, s can be 2. In yet still other embodiments, s can be 3. In some embodiments, s can be 0 and R^(24A) can be

In some embodiments, one or both of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC). In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both a isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) group, and form a bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) (bis(POC)) prodrug. In other embodiments, one or both of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be pivaloyloxymethyl (POM). In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both a pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) group, and form a bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) (bis(POM)) prodrug.

In some embodiments, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be

When one or both of R^(6A) and R^(7A) are

R^(27A1) and R^(27A2) can be independently —C≡N or an optionally substituted substituent selected from C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, C₂₋₈alkoxycarbonyl and C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; and t can be 1 or 2. In some embodiments, R^(27A1) can be —C≡N and R^(27A2) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, such as —C(═O)OCH₃. In other embodiments, R^(27A1) can be —C≡N and R^(27A2) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl, for example, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₃ and —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂phenyl. In some embodiments, both R^(27A1) and R^(27A2) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, such as —C(═O)CH₃. In some embodiments, both R^(27A1) and R^(27A2) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, for example, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃ and —C(═O)OCH₃. In some embodiments, including those described in this paragraph, R^(28A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiment, R^(28A) can be methyl or tert-butyl. In some embodiments, t can be 1. In other embodiments, t can be 2.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be an optionally substituted aryl. For example, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted naphthyl. When substituted, the substituted aryl can be substituted with 1, 2, 3 or more than 3 substituents. When more the two substituents are present, the substituents can be the same or different. In some embodiments, when at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) is a substituted phenyl, the substituted phenyl can be a para-, ortho- or meta-substituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). For example, both R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be an optionally substituted benzyl. When substituted, the substituted benzyl group can be substituted with 1, 2, 3 or more than 3 substituents. When more the two substituents are present, the substituents can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the aryl group of the aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) can be a para-, ortho- or meta-substituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(25A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(25A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(25A) can be an optionally substituted aryl (for example, an optionally substituted phenyl). In some embodiments, R^(25A) can be a C₁₋₆alkyl, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, w can be 0. In other embodiments, w can be 1. In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both a S-acylthioethyl (SATE) group and form a SATE ester prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(26A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(26A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(26A) can be an optionally substituted aryl, for example, an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R^(26A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(26A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, y can be 3. In other embodiments, y can be 4. In still other embodiments, y can be 5.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(29A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(29A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(29A) can be a C₁₋₄ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and t-butyl. In still other embodiments, R^(29A) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be both a dioxolenone group and form a dioxolenone prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted

For example, R^(1A) can be an optionally substituted

When substituted, the ring can be substituted 1, 2, 3 or 3 or more times. When substituted with multiple substituents, the substituents can be the same or different. In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is

the ring can be substituted with an optionally substituted aryl group and/or an optionally substituted heteroaryl. An example of a suitable heteroaryl is pyridinyl. In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted

such as

wherein R^(32A) can be an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can form a cyclic 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl ester (HepDirect) prodrug moiety.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6A) and R^(7A), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system. Example of an optionally substituted

include

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can form a cyclosaligenyl (cycloSal) prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be the same. In some embodiments, R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be different.

In some embodiments, Z^(1A) can be oxygen. In other embodiments, Z^(1A) can be sulfur.

In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(8A) can be selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; and R^(9A) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl.

In some embodiments, R^(8A) can be hydrogen, and R^(9A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. Examples of suitable C₁₋₆alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In other embodiments, R^(8A) can be hydrogen, and R^(9A) can be NR^(30A)R^(31A), wherein R^(30A) and R^(31A) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₄ alkyl). In some embodiments, one of R^(30A) and R^(31A) can be hydrogen and the other of R^(30A) and R^(31A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted benzyl.

In some embodiments, R^(8A) can be absent or hydrogen; and R^(9A) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In other embodiments, R^(8A) can be an optionally substituted aryl; and R^(9A) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In still other embodiments, R^(8A) can be an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and R^(9A) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In some embodiments, R^(9A) can be selected from alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and ester derivatives thereof. Examples of an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivatives include optionally substituted versions of the following: N-alanine isopropyl ester, N-alanine cyclohexyl ester, N-alanine neopentyl ester, N-valine isopropyl ester and N-leucine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(9A) can have the structure

wherein R^(33A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted haloalkyl; R^(34A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(35A) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl; or R^(34A) and R^(35A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

When R^(34A) is substituted, R^(34A) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(34A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(34A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(34A) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(33A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, R^(33A) can be methyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R^(33A) can be ethyl or neopentyl. In other embodiments, R^(33A) can be an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(33A) can be an optionally substituted cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R^(33A) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(33A) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, R^(33A) can be an optionally substituted benzyl. In some embodiments, R^(33A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, for example, CF₃. In some embodiments, R^(35A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(35A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(35A) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(34A) and R^(35A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(34A) and R^(35A), the carbon to which R^(34A) and R^(35A) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(34A) and R^(35A) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(34A) and R^(35A) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is

Z^(2A) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, when R^(1A) is

Z^(2A) can be S (sulfur). In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is

a compound of Formula (I) can be a phosphoramidate prodrug, such as an aryl phosphoramidate prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(1A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(10A) and R^(11A) can be both an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In some embodiments, R^(10A) and R^(11A) can be independently selected from alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and ester derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, R^(10A) and R^(11A) can be an optionally substituted version of the following: N-alanine isopropyl ester, N-alanine cyclohexyl ester, N-alanine neopentyl ester, N-valine isopropyl ester and N-leucine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(10A) and R^(11A) can independently have the structure

wherein R^(36A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted haloalkyl; R^(37A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(38A) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl; or R^(37A) and R^(38A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

When R^(37A) is substituted, R^(37A) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(37A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(37A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(37A) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(36A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, R^(36A) can be methyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R^(36A) can be ethyl or neopentyl. In other embodiments, R^(36A) can be an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(36A) can be an optionally substituted cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R^(36A) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(36A) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, R^(36A) can be an optionally substituted benzyl. In some embodiments, R^(36A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, for example, CF₃. In some embodiments, R^(38A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(38A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(38A) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(37A) and R^(38A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(37A) and R^(38A), the carbon to which R^(37A) and R^(38A) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(37A) and R^(38A) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(37A) and R^(38A) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

groups include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(10A) and R^(11A) can be the same. In some embodiments, R^(10A) and R^(11A) can be different.

In some embodiments, Z^(3A) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, Z^(3A) can be S (sulfur). In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is

a compound of Formula (I) can be a phosphonic diamide prodrug.

Various substituents can be present at the 4′-position of the pentose ring. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. Unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and tert-butyl. In other embodiments, R^(2A) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, such as ethenyl, propenyl and butenyl. In still other embodiments, R^(2A) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, for example, ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(2A) can be a haloalkyl. Examples of a haloalkyls are —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen and —CHF₂. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl can be —(CH₂)₁₋₆F or —(CH₂)₁₋₆Cl. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl can be fluoromethyl. In other embodiments, R^(2A) can be —CHF₂. In yet still other embodiments, R^(2A) can be a C₁₋₆ azidoalkyl. For example, R^(2A) can be an azidomethyl, azidoethyl, azidopropyl, azidobutyl, azidopentyl or azidohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be a C₁₋₆ aminoalkyl. For example, R^(2A) can be an aminomethyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl, aminobutyl, aminopentyl or aminohexyl. In other embodiments, R^(2A) can be halo. For example, R^(2A) can be fluoro (F) or chloro (Cl). In still other embodiments, R^(2A) can be hydrogen. In yet still other embodiments, R^(2A) can be —CN. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be selected from halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted —O—C₃₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted —O—C₃₋₆alkynyl and cyano.

A variety of substituents can also be present at the 2′-position of the pentose ring. In some embodiments, R^(4A) can be OH. In other embodiments, R^(4A) can be —OC(═O)R″^(B), wherein R″^(B) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(4A) can be —OC(═O)R″^(B), wherein R″^(B) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(4A) can be halo. In some embodiments, R^(4A) can be F. In other embodiments, R^(4A) can be Cl. In some embodiments, R^(4A) can be N₃. In some embodiments, R^(4A) can be NR″^(B1)R″^(B2). For example, R^(4A) can be NH₂. Other examples can be a mono-substituted C₁₋₆alkyl-amine or a di-substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl-amine. In other embodiments, R^(4A) can be hydrogen (H).

In still other embodiments, R^(4A) can be an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, such as a O-linked alpha-amino acid. In some embodiments, the O-linked amino acid can have the structure

wherein R^(42A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(43A) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl; or R^(42A) and R^(43A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

When R^(42A) is substituted, R^(42A) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(42A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(42A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(42A) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(43A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(43A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(43A) can be methyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(42A) and R^(43A), the carbon to which R^(42A) and R^(43A) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(42A) and R^(43A) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(42A) and R^(43A) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(5A) can be H. In other embodiments, R^(5A) can be halo, including F and Cl. In still other embodiments, R^(5A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. For example, R^(5A) can be a substituted or unsubstituted version of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched or straight) and hexyl (branched or straight). In some embodiments, R^(5A) can be a halo-substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, such as —CH₂F. In yet still other embodiments, R^(5A) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^(5A) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. For example, R^(5A) can be ethynyl. In some embodiments, R^(5A) can be hydroxy (OH).

A variety of substituents can be present at the 1′-position of the pentose ring. In some embodiments, R^(A) can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^(A) can be deuterium. In still other embodiments, R^(A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and iso-propyl). In yet still other embodiments, R^(A) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl (for example, ethenyl, propenyl (branched or straight) and butenyl (branched or straight)). In some embodiments, R^(A) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₃alkynyl (such as ethynyl and propynyl (branched or straight)). In other embodiments, R^(A) can be an unsubstituted cyano.

In some embodiments, - - - - - - - - can be both absent such that a compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

When - - - - - - - - are both absent, the 3′-position can have various groups present. In some embodiments, R^(3A) can be H. In other embodiments, R^(3A) can be halo. For example, R^(3A) can be fluoro (F) or chloro (Cl). In still other embodiments, R^(3A) can be OH. In some embodiments, R^(3A) can be —OC(═O)R″^(A), wherein R″^(A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(3A) can be —OC(═O)R″^(A), wherein R″^(A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(3A) can be an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, such as an optionally substituted O-linked alpha-amino acid. The optionally substituted O-linked amino acid can have the structure

wherein R^(44A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(45A) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; or R^(44A) and R^(45A) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl.

When R^(44A) is substituted, R^(44A) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(44A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(44A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(44A) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(45A) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(45A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(45A) can be methyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(44A) and R^(45A), the carbon to which R^(44A) and R^(45A) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(44A) and R^(45A) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(44A) and R^(45A) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(3A) and R^(4A) can be each an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring.

In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be fluoro and R^(3A) can be fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be fluoro and R^(4A) can be fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be fluoro, R^(3A) can be fluoro and R^(5A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be fluoro, R^(4A) can be fluoro and R^(5A) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be fluoro, R^(3A) can be fluoro and R^(4A) can be OH or —OC(═O)R″^(B). In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be fluoro, R^(3A) can be OH or —OC(═O)R″^(A) and R^(4A) can be fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(4A) and R^(5A) can be each F. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be *-(CH₂)₁₋₆halogen (for example, —CH₂F), R^(3A) can be OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and R^(4A) can be OH. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be —(CH₂)₁₋₆halogen (for example, —CH₂F), R^(3A) can be OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4A) can be OH, and R^(5A) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(2A) can be —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃ (such as, —CH₂N3), R^(3A) can be OH and R^(4A) can be fluoro.

In some embodiments, - - - - - - - - can be each a single bond such that a compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

When - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(3A) can be oxygen (O). In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(1B) can be O⁻ or OH. In other embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(1B) can be an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl. For example, R^(1B) can be an —O-unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(1B) can be

In other embodiments, R^(1B) can be

For example, R^(1B) can be a isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyloxy or pivaloyloxymethyloxy group. In still some embodiments, R^(1B) can be

A S-acylthioethyl (SATE) group is an example of a

group. In yet still other embodiments, R^(1B) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative, such as an optionally substituted N-linked alpha-amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked alpha-amino acid ester derivative.

Examples of an optionally substituted N-linked amino acids and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivatives are described herein. In some embodiments, R^(1B) can be selected from alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and ester derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, R^(1B) can be an optionally substituted version of the following: N-alanine isopropyl ester, N-alanine cyclohexyl ester, N-alanine neopentyl ester, N-valine isopropyl ester and N-leucine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(1B) can have the structure

wherein R^(10B) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted haloalkyl; R^(11B) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(12B) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl; or R^(11B) and R^(12B) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

As described herein, R^(11B) can be substituted. Examples of substituents include one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(11B) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(11B) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(11B) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(10B) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(10B) can be methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or neopentyl. In other embodiments, R^(10B) can be an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(10B) can be an optionally substituted cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R^(10B) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(10B) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), for example, an optionally substituted benzyl. In some embodiments, R^(10B) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, for example, CF₃. In some embodiments, R^(12B) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(12B) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(12B) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(11B) and R^(12B) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(11B) and R^(12B), the carbon to which R^(1B) and R^(12B) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(11B) and R^(12B) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(11B) and R^(12B) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

groups include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(B) can be

In some embodiments, R^(9B) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(9B) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(9B) can be an optionally substituted aryl, for example, an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R^(9B) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(9B) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, u can be 3. In other embodiments, u can be 4. In still other embodiments, u can be 5.

In some embodiments, Z^(1B) can be oxygen (O). In other embodiments, Z^(1B) can be S (sulfur).

Various optionally substituted heterocyclic bases can be attached to the pentose ring. In some embodiments, one or more of the amine and/or amino groups of the optionally substituted heterocyclic base may be protected with a suitable protecting group. For example, an amino group may be protected by transforming the amine and/or amino group to an amide or a carbamate. In some embodiments, an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base can include a group that improves the solubility of the compound (for example, —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(1A))₂). In some embodiments, an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with one or more protected amino groups can have one of the following structures:

wherein: R^(A2) can be selected from hydrogen and NHR^(J2), wherein R^(J2) can be selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(K2) and —C(═O)OR^(L2); R^(B2) can be halogen or NHR^(W2), wherein R^(W2) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(M2) and —C(═O)OR^(N2); R^(C2) can be hydrogen or NHR^(O2), wherein R^(O2) can be selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(P2) and —C(═O)OR^(Q2); R^(D2) can be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; R^(E2) can be selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(R2) and —C(═O)OR^(S2); R^(F2) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; Y² and Y³ can be independently N (nitrogen) or CR¹², wherein R¹² can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; W¹ can be NH, —NCH₂—OC(═O)CH(NH₂)—CH(CH₃)₂ or —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(1A))₂, wherein W^(1A) can be selected from absent hydrogen and an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(G)2 can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; R^(H2) can be hydrogen or NHR^(T2), wherein R^(T2) can be independently selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(U2) and —C(═O)OR^(V2); and R^(K2), R^(L2), R^(M2), R^(N2), R^(P2), R^(Q2), R^(R2), R^(S2), R^(U2) and R^(V2) can be independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, the structures shown above can be modified by replacing one or more hydrogens with substituents selected from the list of substituents provided for the definition of “substituted.” Those skilled in the art understand that when W^(1A) is absent, the oxygen atom will have an associated negative charge. In some embodiments, the substituent on the base can result in the formation of a salt of a compound of Formula (I).

In some embodiments, B^(1A) can be an optionally substituted purine base. In other embodiments, B^(1A) can be an optionally substituted pyrimidine base. In some embodiments, B^(1A) can be

In other embodiments, B^(1A) can be

In still other embodiments, B^(1A) can be

such as

In yet still other embodiments, B^(1A) can be

wherein W¹ can be —NCH₂—OC(═O)CH(NH₂)—CH(CH₃)₂ or —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(1A))₂. In some embodiments, B^(1A) can be

for example,

In other embodiments, R^(D2) can be hydrogen. In still other embodiments, B^(1A) can be

In some embodiments, R^(B2) can be NH₂. In other embodiments, R^(B2) can be NHR^(W2), wherein R^(W2) can be —C(═O)R^(M2) or —C(═O)OR^(N2). In still other embodiments, B^(1A) can be

In some embodiments, B^(1A) can be

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be used to ameliorate or treat a viral infection, wherein: B^(1A) can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; - - - - - - - - can be absent or a single bond, provided that both - - - - - - - - are absent or both - - - - - - - - are a single bond; when - - - - - - - - are both absent, then Z¹ can be absent, O¹ can be OR^(1A), R^(3A) can be selected from H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4A) can be selected from OH, halo, —OC(═O)R″^(B) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, or R^(3A) and R^(4A) can be both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring; when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, then Z¹ can be

O¹ can be O, R^(3A) can be O; R^(4A) can be selected from OH, halo, —OC(═O)R″^(B) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(1B) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl.

an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(1A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl, an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid,

R^(2A) can be halo, an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N3; R^(5A) can be selected from H, halo, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; R^(6A), R^(7A) and R^(8A) can be independently selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), an optionally substituted *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkenyl,

or R^(6A) can be

and R^(7A) can be absent or hydrogen; or R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be taken together to form a moiety selected from an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6A) and R^(7A), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system; R^(9A) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, NR^(30A)R^(31A), an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(10A) and R^(1A) can be independently an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14A) can be absent, hydrogen or methyl; each R^(15A), each R^(16A), each R^(17A) and each R^(18A) can be independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an alkoxy; R^(19A), R^(20A) R^(22A), R^(23A), R^(2B), R^(3B), R^(5B) and R^(6B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(21A) and R^(4B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; R^(24A) and R^(7B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl and

R^(25A), R^(26A), R^(29A), R^(8B) and R^(9B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(27A1) and R^(27A2) can be independently selected from —C≡N, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkoxycarbonyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28A) is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; R^(30A) and R^(31A) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; R″^(A) and R″^(B) can be independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl; m, v and w can be 0 or 1; p and q can be independently 1, 2 or 3; r and s can be independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; t is 1 or 2; u and y can be independently 3, 4 or 5; and Z^(1A), Z^(2A), Z^(3A), Z^(4A), Z^(1B) and Z^(2B) can be independently O or S; wherein the viral infection can be caused by a virus selected from a Picornaviridae virus and a Flaviviridae virus; and provided that when the Flaviviridae virus is hepatitis C virus, then the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, cannot be selected from a compound in paragraphs [0292] and [0295], or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be used to ameliorate or treat a viral infection, wherein: B^(1A) can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; - - - - - - - - can be absent or a single bond, provided that both - - - - - - - - are absent or both - - - - - - - - are a single bond; when - - - - - - - - are both absent, then Z¹ can be absent, O¹ can be OR^(1A), R^(3A) can be selected from H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4A) can be selected from OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(B), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(B1)R″^(B2), or R^(3A) and R^(4A) can be both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring; when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, then Z¹ can be

O¹ can be O, R^(3A) can be O; R^(4A) can be selected from OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(B), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(B1)R″^(B2); and R^(1B) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(a1) and R^(a2) can be independently hydrogen or deuterium; R^(A) can be hydrogen, deuterium, an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₃alkynyl or cyano; R^(1A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl, an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid,

R^(2A) can be hydrogen, halo, an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃ or —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂; R^(5A) can be selected from the group consisting of H, halo, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; R^(6A), R^(7A) and R^(8A) can be independently selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkenyl,

or R^(6A) can be

and R^(7A) can be absent or hydrogen; or R^(6A) and R^(7A) can be taken together to form a moiety selected from an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6A) and R^(7A), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system; R^(9A) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, NR^(30A)R^(31A), an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(10A) and R^(11A) can be independently an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(12A) and R^(13A) can be independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14A) can be O⁻, OH or methyl; each R^(15A), each R^(16A), each R^(17A) and each R^(18A) can be independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an alkoxy; R^(19A), R^(20A), R^(22A), R^(23A), R^(2B), R^(3B), R^(5B) and R^(6B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(21A) and R^(4B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; R^(24A) and R^(7B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O—monocyclic heterocyclyl and

R^(25A), R^(26A), R^(29A), R^(8B) and R^(9B) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(27A1) and R^(27A2) can be independently selected from —C≡N, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈alkoxycarbonyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28A) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; R^(30A) and R^(31A) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; R″^(A) and R″^(B) can be independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl; R″^(B1) and R″^(B2) can be independently hydrogen and an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; m, v and w can be 0 or 1; p and q can be independently 1, 2 or 3; r and s can be independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; t can be 1 or 2; u and y can be independently 3, 4 or 5; and Z^(1A), Z^(2A), Z^(3A), Z^(4A), Z^(1B) and Z^(2B) can be independently O or S; wherein the viral infection is caused by a virus selected from a Picornaviridae virus and a Flaviviridae virus; and provided that when the Flaviviridae virus is hepatitis C virus, then the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, cannot be selected from a compound in paragraphs [0292], [0293], [0294] and [0296], or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, when R^(2A) is halo (such as fluoro); - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z¹ is absent; O¹ is OR^(1A); B^(1A) is selected from an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substitute

an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein R^(a2) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, R^(a3) and R^(a4) are independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an unsubstituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₃₋₆ alkynyl and an unsubstituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, R^(a5) is NHR^(a8), and R^(a6) is hydrogen, halogen or NHR^(a9); R^(a7) is NHR^(a10); R^(a8) is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a11) and —C(═O)OR^(a12); R^(a9) is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a13) and —C(═O)OR^(a14); R^(a10) is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a13) and —C(═O)OR^(a16); X^(a1) is N or —CR^(a17); R^(a17) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; R^(a1), R^(a12), R^(a13), R^(a14), R^(a15) and R^(a16) are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆alkyl) and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); then R^(3A) is selected from H, halo, and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(4A) is selected from OH, halo, —OC(═O)R″^(A) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; or then R^(4A) is an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(3A) is selected from H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; or then R^(3A) and R^(4A) are both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring; or then R^(1A) is

wherein R^(6A) and R^(7A) are independently

wherein s is 1, 2 or 3,

or then R^(1A) is

wherein R^(6A) and R^(7A) are taken together to form a moiety selected from an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6A) and R^(7A), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system. In some embodiments, when R^(2A) is halo (such as fluoro); - - - - - - - - are each a single bond; then R^(4A) is —OC(═O)R″^(B) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. In some embodiments, when R^(2A) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N3; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z¹ is absent; O¹ is OR^(1A); R^(3A) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(4A) is halo; then R^(5A) is selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, when R^(2A) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N3; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z¹ is absent; O¹ is OR^(1A); R^(4A) is halo; and R^(5A) is H or halo; then R^(3A) is H or halo. In some embodiments, when R^(2A) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N3; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z¹ is absent; O¹ is OR^(1A); R^(3A) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; R^(4A) is halo; R^(5A) is H or halo; and R^(1A) is

then at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) is

wherein R^(21A) is independently selected from an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; or then at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) is

wherein s is 1, 2 or 3; or then at least one of R^(6A) and R^(7A) is

wherein s is 0 and R^(24A) is an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl or an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, when R^(2A) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z¹ is absent; O¹ is OR^(1A); R^(3A) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; R^(4A) is halo; R^(5A) is H or halo; and R^(1A) is

then R^(8A) is

wherein R^(21A) is independently selected from an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; or then R^(8A) is

wherein s is 1, 2 or 3; or then R^(8A) is

wherein s is 0 and R^(24A) is an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl or

In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z¹ is absent; O¹ is OH; R^(2A) is methyl; R^(3A) is OH; then R^(4A) is halo, —OC(═O)R″^(B) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z¹ is absent; O¹ is OR^(1A); R^(2A) is halo (for example, F); R^(3A) is OH or —OC(═O)R″^(A); R^(4A) is halo (for example F); and R^(5A) is methyl ethyl or ethenyl; then R^(1A) cannot be selected from H,

wherein R^(8A) is an unsubstituted aryl; R^(9A) is

and Z^(2A) is oxygen. In some embodiments, R^(1A) is not hydrogen (H), for example, when R^(3A) is halo (such as fluoro) and R^(4A) is OH. In some embodiments, R^(1A) is not

wherein is O and R^(6A) is

for example, when R^(4A) is halo (such as fluoro) and R^(3A) is OH. In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not hydrogen (H). In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not halogen. In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not fluoro (F). In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not —CN. In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not —CHF₂. In some embodiments, R^(5A) is not hydrogen or halo. In some embodiments, R^(5A) is not —OH. In some embodiments, R^(4A) is not hydrogen (H). In some embodiments, R^(4A) is not halo. In some embodiments, R^(4A) is not fluoro (F). In some embodiments, R^(4A) is not chloro (Cl). In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen. In some embodiments, R^(2A) is not —(CH₂)₁₋₆N3. In some embodiments, R^(4A) is not hydrogen, when R^(5A) is fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(6A) is not an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(6A) is not an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(9A) is not N-alanine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(5A) is not an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. For example, R^(5A) is not an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, such as methyl. In some embodiments, B^(1A) is not an optionally substituted uracil, for example, a halo-substituted uracil. In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl,

wherein R^(6A) can be

wherein R^(8A) is an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substituted naphthyl and R^(9A) is an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester; R^(2A) is fluoro, R^(3A) is OH or —C(═O)— unsubstituted or substituted phenyl; R^(4A) is fluoro; and R^(5A) is a C₁₋₄alkyl (such as meth); then B^(1A) cannot be an optionally substituted pyrimidine base, such as

In some embodiments, when R^(1A) is

R^(2A) is H, R^(3A) is OH and R^(4A) is OH or halogen (such as F), then R^(5A) is not an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl or an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl.

Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a use of a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: B^(1C) can be an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; - - - - - - - - can be absent or a single bond, provided that both - - - - - - - - are absent or both - - - - - - - - are a single bond; when - - - - - - - - are both absent, then Z² can be absent, O² can be OR^(1C), R^(3C) can be selected from H, halo, OH, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(C), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(D1)R″^(D2), R^(4C) can be selected from H, OH, halo, —OC(═O)R″^(D), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(D1)R″^(D2), or R^(3C) and R^(4C) can be both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring; when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, then Z² can be

O² can be O, R^(3C) can be O; R^(4C) can be selected from OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(D) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(1D) can be selected from O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(c1) and R^(c2) can be independently hydrogen or deuterium; R^(C) can be hydrogen, deuterium, an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₃alkynyl or cyano; R^(1C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl, an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid,

R^(2C) can be halo, an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, —CHF₂, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃, —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂ or —CN; R^(5C) can be selected from H, halo, OH, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; R^(6C), R^(7C) and R^(8C) can be independently selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted *-(CR^(15C)R^(16C))_(f)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted *-(CR^(17C)R^(18C))_(g)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkenyl,

or R^(6C) can be

and R^(7C) can be absent or hydrogen; or R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be taken together to form a moiety selected from an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6C) and R^(7C), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system; R^(9C) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, NR^(30C)R^(31C) an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(10C) and R^(11C) can be independently an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(12C) and R^(13C) can be independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14C) can be O⁻, OH or methyl; each R^(15C), each R^(16C), each R^(17C) and each R^(18C) can be independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an alkoxy; R^(19C), R^(20C), R^(22C), R^(23C), R^(2D), R^(3D), R^(5D) and R^(6D) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(21C) and R^(4D) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; R^(24C) and R^(7D) can be independently selected from of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl and

R^(25C), R^(26C), R^(29C), R^(8D) and R^(9D) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(27C1) and R^(27C2) can be independently selected from —C≡N, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkoxycarbonyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; R^(30C) and R^(31C) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₄ alkyl); R″C and each R″D can be independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl; each R″^(D1) and each R″^(D2) can be independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; c, d and e can be independently 0 or 1; f and g can be independently 1, 2 or 3; h and j can be independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; b can be 1 or 2; k and l can be independently 3, 4 or 5; and Z^(1C), Z^(2C), Z^(3C), Z^(4C), Z^(1D) and Z^(2D) can be independently oxygen (O) or sulfur (S).

A compound of Formula (II) can be a nucleoside, a nucleotide (including a monophosphate, a diphosphate, a triphosphate, thiomonophosphate, alpha-thiodiphosphate and/or alpha-thiotriphosphate) or a nucleotide prodrug. In some embodiments, - - - - - - - - can be both absent, Z² can be absent, O² can be OR^(1C), R^(3C) can be selected from H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4C) can be selected from OH, halo, —OC(═O)R″^(D) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, or R^(3C) and R^(4C) can be both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring.

A variety of substituents can be attached to the 5′-position of Formula (II) when both - - - - - - - - are absent. In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be an optionally substituted acyl. For example, R^(1C) can be —C(═O)R^(39C), wherein R^(39C) can be selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₅₋₈ cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, R^(39C) can be a substituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(39C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₁₂ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be —C(═O)-unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiments, both R^(c1) and R^(c2) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(c1) can be hydrogen and R^(c2) can be deuterium. In still other embodiments, both R^(c1) and R^(c2) can be deuterium.

In still other embodiments, R^(1C) can be an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. Examples of suitable O-linked amino acids include alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Additional examples of suitable amino acids include, but are not limited to, ornithine, hypusine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, dehydroalanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, beta-alanine, alpha-ethyl-glycine, alpha-propyl-glycine and norleucine. In some embodiments, the O-linked amino acid can have the structure

wherein R^(40C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(41C) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; or R^(40C) and R^(41C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Those skilled in the art understand that when R^(1C) is an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, the oxygen of R^(1C)O— of Formula (II) is part of the optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. For example, when R^(1C) is

the oxygen indicated with “*” is the oxygen of R^(1C)O— of Formula (I).

When R^(40C) is substituted, R^(40C) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(40C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(40C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(40C) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(41C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(41C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(41C) can be methyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(40C) and R^(41C), the carbon to which R^(40C) and R^(41C) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(40C) and R^(41C) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(40C) and R^(41C) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both absent. In still other embodiments, at least one R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be absent. In yet still other embodiments, at least one R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be hydrogen. Those skilled in the art understand that when R^(6C) and/or R^(7C) are absent, the associated oxygen(s) will have a negative charge. For example, when R^(6C) is absent, the oxygen associated with R^(6C) will have a negative charge. In some embodiments, Z^(1C) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, Z^(1C) can be S (sulfur). In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be a monophosphate. In other embodiments, R^(1C) can be a monothiophosphate.

In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be

R^(6C) can be

R^(7C) can be absent or hydrogen; R^(12C) and R^(13C) can be independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14C) can be O⁻, OH or methyl; and e can be 0 or 1. In some embodiments, e can be 0, and R^(7C), R^(12C) and R^(13C) can be independently absent or hydrogen. In other embodiments, e can be 1, and R^(7C), R^(12C) and R^(13C) can be independently absent or hydrogen; and R^(14C) can be O⁻, OH or methyl. In some embodiments, e can be 1, and R^(7C), R^(12C) and R^(13C) can be independently absent or hydrogen; and R^(14C) can be O⁻ or OH. In other embodiments, e can be 1, and R^(7C), R^(12C) and R^(13C) can be independently absent or hydrogen; and R^(14C) can be methyl. Those skilled in the art understand that when e is 0, R^(6C) can be a diphosphate, when Z^(1C) is oxygen, or an alpha-thiodiphosphate, when Z^(1C) is sulfur. Likewise, those skilled in the art understand that when e is 1, R^(6C) can be a triphosphate, when Z^(1C) is oxygen, or an alpha-thiotriphosphate, when Z^(1C) is sulfur.

In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be hydrogen, and the other of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be hydrogen, and the other of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be independently an optionally substituted group selected from the following: myristoleyl, myristyl, palmitoleyl, palmityl, sapienyl, oleyl, elaidyl, vaccenyl, linoleyl, α-linolenyl, arachidonyl, eicosapentaenyl, erucyl, docosahexaenyl, caprylyl, capryl, lauryl, stearyl, arachidyl, behenyl, lignoceryl and cerotyl.

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be *-(CR^(15C)R^(16C))_(f)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both *-(CR^(15C)R^(16C))_(f)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, each R^(15C) and each R^(16C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(15C) and R^(16C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(15C) and R^(16C) can be an alkoxy (for example, benzoxy). In some embodiments, f can be 1. In other embodiments, f can be 2. In still other embodiments, f can be 3.

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be *-(CR^(17C)R^(18C))_(g)—O—C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl. In other embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both *-(CR^(17C)R^(18C))_(g)—O—C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl. In some embodiments, each R^(17C) and each R^(18C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(17C) and R^(18C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, g can be 1. In other embodiments, g can be 2. In still other embodiments, g can be 3. When at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is *-(CR^(5C)R^(6C))_(f)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or *-(CR^(17C)R^(18C))_(g)—O—C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, the C₁₋₂₄ alkyl can be selected from caprylyl, capryl, lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, arachidyl, behenyl, lignoceryl, and cerotyl, and the C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl can be selected from myristoleyl, palmitoleyl, sapienyl, oleyl, elaidyl, vaccenyl, linoleyl, α-linolenyl, arachidonyl, eicosapentaenyl, erucyl and docosahexaenyl.

In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be selected from

and the other of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆alkyl).

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be

In some embodiments, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be

When one or both of R^(6C) and R^(7C) are

R^(19C) and R^(20C) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; and R^(21C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R^(19C) and R^(20C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(19C) and R^(20C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(21C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(21C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(21C) can be an optionally substituted aryl. In still other embodiments, R^(21C) can be an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl or an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R^(21C) can be an unsubstituted —O—C₁₋₄alkyl.

In some embodiments, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be

When one or both of R^(6C) and R^(7C) are

R^(22C) and R^(23C) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(24C) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; h can be 0, 1, 2 or 3; and Z^(4C) can be independently O (oxygen) or S (sulfur). In some embodiments, R^(22C) and R^(23C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, at least one of R^(22C) and R^(23C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(24C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(24C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(24C) can be an optionally substituted aryl. In still other embodiments, R^(24C) can be an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl or an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(24C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(24C) can be an unsubstituted —O—C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, Z^(4C) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, Z^(4C) can be or S (sulfur). In some embodiments, h can be 0. In other embodiments, h can be 1. In still other embodiments, h can be 2. In yet still other embodiments, h can be 3. In some embodiments, h can be 0 and R^(24C) can be

In some embodiments, one or both of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC). In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both a isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) group, and form a bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)(bis(POC)) prodrug. In other embodiments, one or both of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be pivaloyloxymethyl (POM). In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both a pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) group, and form a bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) (bis(POM)) prodrug.

In some embodiments, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be

When one or both of R^(6C) and R^(7C) are

R^(27C1) and R^(27C2) can be independently —C≡N or an optionally substituted substituent selected from C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, C₂₋₈ alkoxycarbonyl and C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; and b can be 1 or 2. In some embodiments, R^(27C1) can be —C≡N and R^(27C2) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, such as —C(═O)OCH₃. In other embodiments, R^(27C1) can be —C≡N and R^(27C2) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl, for example, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₃ and —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂phenyl. In some embodiments, both R^(27C1) and R^(27C2) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, such as —C(═O)CH₃. In some embodiments, both R^(27C1) and R^(27C2) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₈alkoxycarbonyl, for example, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃ and —C(═O)OCH₃. In some embodiments, including those described in this paragraph, R^(28C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In some embodiment, R^(28C) can be methyl or tert-butyl. In some embodiments, b can be 1. In other embodiments, b can be 2.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be an optionally substituted aryl. For example, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted naphthyl. When substituted, the substituted aryl can be substituted with 1, 2, 3 or more than 3 substituents. When more the two substituents are present, the substituents can be the same or different. In some embodiments, when at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is a substituted phenyl, the substituted phenyl can be a para-, ortho- or meta-substituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). For example, both R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be an optionally substituted benzyl. When substituted, the substituted benzyl group can be substituted with 1, 2, 3 or more than 3 substituents. When more the two substituents are present, the substituents can be the same or different. In some embodiments, the aryl group of the aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) can be a para-, ortho- or meta-substituted phenyl.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(25C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(25C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(25C) can be an optionally substituted aryl (for example, an optionally substituted phenyl). In some embodiments, R^(25C) can be a C₁₋₆ alkyl, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, d can be 0. In other embodiments, d can be 1. In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both a S-acylthioethyl (SATE) group and form a SATE ester prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(26C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(26C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(26C) can be an optionally substituted aryl, for example, an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R^(26C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(26C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, 1 can be 3. In other embodiments, 1 can be 4. In still other embodiments, 1 can be 5.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both

In some embodiments, at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(29C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(29C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(29C) can be a C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and t-butyl. In still other embodiments, R^(29C) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be both a dioxolenone group and form a dioxolenone prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted

For example, R^(1C) can be an optionally substituted

When substituted, the ring can be substituted 1, 2, 3 or 3 or more times. When substituted with multiple substituents, the substituents can be the same or different. In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

the ring can be substituted with an optionally substituted aryl group and/or an optionally substituted heteroaryl. An example of a suitable heteroaryl is pyridinyl. In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted

such as

wherein R^(32C) can be an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl or an optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can form a cyclic 1-aryl-1,3-propanyl ester (HepDirect) prodrug moiety.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6C) and R^(7C), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system. Example of an optionally substituted

include

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can form a cyclosaligenyl (cycloSal) prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be the same. In some embodiments, R^(6C) and R^(7C) can be different.

In some embodiments, Z^(1C) can be oxygen. In other embodiments, Z^(1C) can be sulfur.

In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(8C) can be selected from absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl; and R^(9C) can be independently selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl.

In some embodiments, R^(8C) can be hydrogen, and R^(9C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. Examples of suitable C₁₋₆alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In other embodiments, R^(8C) can be hydrogen, and R^(9C) can be NR^(30C)R^(31C), wherein R^(30C) and R^(31C) can be independently selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₄ alkyl). In some embodiments, one of R^(30C) and R^(31C) can be hydrogen and the other of R^(30C) and R^(31C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted benzyl.

In some embodiments, R^(8C) can be absent or hydrogen; and R^(9C) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In other embodiments, R^(8C) can be an optionally substituted aryl; and R^(9C) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In still other embodiments, R^(8C) can be an optionally substituted heteroaryl; and R^(9C) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In some embodiments, R^(9C) can be selected from alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and ester derivatives thereof. Examples of an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivatives include optionally substituted versions of the following: N-alanine isopropyl ester, N-alanine cyclohexyl ester, N-alanine neopentyl ester, N-valine isopropyl ester and N-leucine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(9C) can have the structure

wherein R^(33C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted haloalkyl; R^(34C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(35C) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; or R^(34C) and R^(35C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

When R^(34C) is substituted, R^(34C) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(34C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(34C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(34C) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(33C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, R^(33C) can be methyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R^(33C) can be ethyl or neopentyl. In other embodiments, R^(33C) can be an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(33C) can be an optionally substituted cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R^(33C) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(33C) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, R^(33C) can be an optionally substituted benzyl. In some embodiments, R^(33C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, for example, CF₃. In some embodiments, R^(35C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(35C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(35C) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(34C) and R^(35C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(34C) and R^(35C), the carbon to which R^(34C) and R^(35C) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(34C) and R^(35C) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(34C) and R^(35C) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

Z^(2C) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, when R^(1C) is

Z^(2C) can be S (sulfur). In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

a compound of Formula (I) can be a phosphoramidate prodrug, such as an aryl phosphoramidate prodrug.

In some embodiments, R^(1C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(10C) and R^(11C) can be both an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative. In some embodiments, R^(10C) and R^(11C) can be independently selected from alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and ester derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, R^(10C) and R^(11C) can be an optionally substituted version of the following: N-alanine isopropyl ester, N-alanine cyclohexyl ester, N-alanine neopentyl ester, N-valine isopropyl ester and N-leucine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(10C) and R^(11C) can independently have the structure

wherein R^(36C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted haloalkyl; R^(37C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(38C) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl; or R^(37C) and R^(38C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

When R^(37C) is substituted, R^(37C) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(37C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(37C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(37C) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(36C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyls include optionally substituted variants of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched and straight-chained), and hexyl (branched and straight-chained). In some embodiments, R^(36C) can be methyl or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R^(36C) can be ethyl or neopentyl. In other embodiments, R^(36C) can be an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(36C) can be an optionally substituted cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R^(36C) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(36C) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, R^(36C) can be an optionally substituted benzyl. In some embodiments, R^(36C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, for example, CF₃. In some embodiments, R^(38C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(38C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(38C) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(37C) and R^(38C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(37C) and R^(38C), the carbon to which R^(37C) and R^(38C) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(37C) and R^(38C) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(37C) and R^(38C) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

groups include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(10C) and R^(11C) can be the same. In some embodiments, R^(10C) and R^(11C) can be different.

In some embodiments, Z^(3C) can be O (oxygen). In other embodiments, Z^(3C) can be S (sulfur). In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

a compound of Formula (I) can be a phosphonic diamide prodrug.

Various substituents can be present at the 4′-position of the pentose ring. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. Unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyls include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl and tert-butyl. In other embodiments, R^(2C) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, such as ethenyl, propenyl and butenyl. In other embodiments, R^(2C) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, for example, ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl. In still other embodiments, R^(2C) can be a haloalkyl. Examples of a haloalkyls are —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen and —CHF₂. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl can be —(CH₂)₁₋₆F or —(CH₂)₁₋₆Cl. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl can be fluoromethyl. In other embodiments, R^(2C) can be —CHF₂. In yet still other embodiments, R^(2C) can be a C₁₋₆ azidoalkyl. For example, R^(2C) can be an azidomethyl, azidoethyl, azidopropyl, azidobutyl, azidopentyl or azidohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be halo. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be fluoro. In other embodiments, R^(2C) can be chloro. In still other embodiments, R^(2C) can be —CN.

A variety of substituents can also be present at the 2′-position of the pentose ring. In some embodiments, R^(4C) can be OH. In other embodiments, R^(4C) can be —OC(═O)R″^(D), wherein R″^(D) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(4C) can be —OC(═O)R″^(D), wherein R″^(D) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(4C) can be halo. In some embodiment, R^(4C) can be F. In other embodiments, R^(4C) can be Cl. In some embodiments, R^(4C) can be N₃. In some embodiments, R^(4C) can be NR″^(D1)R″^(D2). For example, R^(4C) can be NH₂. Other examples can be a mono-substituted C₁₋₆alkyl-amine or a di-substituted C₁₋₆alkyl-amine.

In still other embodiments, R^(4C) can be an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, such as a O-linked alpha-amino acid. In some embodiments, the O-linked amino acid can have the structure

wherein R^(42C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(43C) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; or R^(42C) and R^(43C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

When R^(42C) is substituted, R^(42C) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(42C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(42C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(42C) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(43C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(43C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(43C) can be methyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(42C) and R^(43C), the carbon to which R^(42C) and R^(43C) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(42C) and R^(43C) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(42C) and R^(43C) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(5C) can be H. In other embodiments, R^(5C) can be halo, including F and Cl. In still other embodiments, R^(5C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. For example, R^(5C) can be an substituted or unsubstituted version of the following: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (branched or straight) and hexyl (branched or straight). In some embodiments, R^(5C) can be a halo-substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, such as —CH₂F. In yet still other embodiments, R^(5C) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^(5C) can be an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. For example, R^(5C) can be ethynyl. In some embodiments, R^(5C) can be hydroxy (OH).

In some embodiments, - - - - - - - - can be both absent such that a compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

When - - - - - - - - are both absent, the 3′-position can have various groups present. In some embodiments, R^(3C) can be H. In other embodiments, R^(3C) can be halo, such as fluoro (F) or chloro (Cl). In still other embodiments, R^(3C) can be OH. In some embodiments, R^(3C) can be —OC(═O)R″^(C), wherein R″^(C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(3C) can be —OC(═O)R″^(C), wherein R″^(C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl. In other embodiments, R^(3C) can be an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, such as a O-linked alpha-amino acid. The optionally substituted O-linked amino acid can have the structure:

wherein R^(44C) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(45C) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; or R^(44C) and R^(45C) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

When R^(44C) is substituted, R^(44C) can be substituted with one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(44C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(44C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(44C) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(45C) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(45C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(45A) can be methyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(44C) and R^(45C), the carbon to which R^(44C) and R^(45C) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(44C) and R^(45C) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(44C) and R^(45C) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(3C) and R^(4C) can be each an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring.

In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be fluoro and R^(3C) can be fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be fluoro and R^(4C) can be fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be fluoro, R^(3C) can be fluoro and R^(5C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be fluoro, R^(4C) can be fluoro and R^(5C) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be fluoro, R^(3C) can be fluoro and R^(4C) can be OH or —OC(═O)R″^(D). In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be fluoro, R^(3C) can be OH or —OC(═O)R″^(C) and R^(4C) can be fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(4C) and R^(5C) can be each F. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be *-(CH₂)₁₋₆halogen (for example, —CH₂F), R^(3C) can be OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and R^(4C) can be OH. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be —(CH₂)₁₋₆halogen (for example, —CH₂F), R^(3C) can be OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4C) can be OH, and R^(5C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) can be —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃ (such as, —CH₂N₃), R^(3C) can be OH and R^(4C) can be F.

In some embodiments, - - - - - - - - can be each a single bond such that a compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

When - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(3C) can be oxygen (O). In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(1D) can be O⁻ or OH. In other embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(1D) can be an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl. For example, R^(1D) can be an —O— unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, R^(1D) can be

In other embodiments, R^(1D) can be

For example, R^(1D) can be a isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyloxy or pivaloyloxymethyloxy group. In still some embodiments, R^(1B) can be

A S-acylthioethyl (SATE) group is an example of a

group. In yet still other embodiments, R^(1D) can be an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative.

Examples of an optionally substituted N-linked amino acids and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivatives are described herein. In some embodiments, R^(1D) can be selected from alanine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and ester derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, R^(1D) can be an optionally substituted version of the following: N-alanine isopropyl ester, N-alanine cyclohexyl ester, N-alanine neopentyl ester, N-valine isopropyl ester and N-leucine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(1D) can have the structure

wherein R^(10D) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and an optionally substituted haloalkyl; R^(11D) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₆ aryl, an optionally substituted C₁₀ aryl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); and R^(12D) can be hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl; or R^(11D) and R^(12D) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

As described herein, R^(11D) can be substituted. Examples of substituents include one or more substituents selected from N-amido, mercapto, alkylthio, an optionally substituted aryl, hydroxy, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, O-carboxy and amino. In some embodiments, R^(11D) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, R^(11D) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(11D) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(10D) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(10D) can be methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or neopentyl. In other embodiments, R^(10D) can be an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Examples of optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl include optionally substituted variants of the following: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, R^(10D) can be an optionally substituted cyclohexyl. In still other embodiments, R^(10D) can be an optionally substituted aryl, such as phenyl and naphthyl. In yet still other embodiments, R^(10D) can be an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), for example, an optionally substituted benzyl. In some embodiments, R^(10D) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆haloalkyl, for example, CF₃. In some embodiments, R^(12D) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(12D) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₄alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In some embodiments, R^(12D) can be methyl. In some embodiments, R^(11D) and R^(12D) can be taken together to form an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl. Depending on the groups that are selected for R^(11D) and R^(12D), the carbon to which R^(11D) and R^(12D) are attached may be a chiral center. In some embodiment, the carbon to which R^(11D) and R^(12D) are attached may be a (R)-chiral center. In other embodiments, the carbon to which R^(11D) and R^(12D) are attached may be a (S)-chiral center.

Examples of suitable

groups include the following:

In some embodiments, R^(1D) can be

In some embodiments, R^(9D) can be hydrogen. In other embodiments, R^(9D) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl. In still other embodiments, R^(9D) can be an optionally substituted aryl, for example, an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R^(9D) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(9D) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, k can be 3. In other embodiments, k can be 4. In still other embodiments, k can be 5.

A variety of substituents can be present at the 1′-position of the pentose ring. In some embodiments, R^(C) can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R^(C) can be deuterium. In still other embodiments, R^(C) can be an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and iso-propyl). In yet still other embodiments, R^(C) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl (for example, ethenyl, propenyl (branched or straight) and butenyl (branched or straight)). In some embodiments, R^(C) can be an unsubstituted C₂₋₃alkynyl (such as ethynyl and propynyl (branched or straight)). In other embodiments, R^(C) can be an unsubstituted cyano.

In some embodiments, Z^(1D) can be oxygen (O). In other embodiments, Z^(1D) can be S (sulfur).

Various optionally substituted heterocyclic bases can be attached to the pentose ring. In some embodiments, one or more of the amine and/or amino groups of the optionally substituted heterocyclic base may be protected with a suitable protecting group. For example, an amino group may be protected by transforming the amine and/or amino group to an amide or a carbamate. In some embodiments, an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base can include a group that improves the solubility of the compound (for example, —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(2C))₂). In some embodiments, an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with one or more protected amino groups can have one of the following structures:

wherein: R^(AA2) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen and NHR^(JJ2), wherein R^(JJ2) can be selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(KK2) and —C(═O)OR²; R^(BB2) can be halogen or NHR^(WW2), wherein R^(WW2) can be selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(MM2) and —C(═O)OR^(NN2); R^(CC2) can be hydrogen or NHR^(OO2), wherein R^(OO2) can be selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(PP2) and —C(═O)OR^(QQ2); R^(DD2) can be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₁₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; R^(EE2) can be selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(RP2) and —C(═O)OR^(SS2); R^(FF2) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; Y⁴ and Y⁵ can be independently N (nitrogen) or CR^(II2), wherein R^(II2) can be selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl; W² can be NH, —NCH₂—OC(═O)CH(NH₂)—CH(CH₃)₂ or —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(2C))₂, wherein W^(2C) can be selected from absent hydrogen and an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(GG2) can be an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; R^(HH2) can be hydrogen or NHR^(TT2), wherein R^(TT2) can be independently selected from hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(UU2) and —C(═O)OR^(VV2); and R^(KK2), R^(LL2), R^(MM2), R^(NN2), R^(PP2), R^(QQ2), R^(RR2), R^(SS2), R^(UU2) and R^(VV2) can be independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl). In some embodiments, the structures shown above can be modified by replacing one or more hydrogens with substituents selected from the list of substituents provided for the definition of “substituted.” Those skilled in the art understand that when W^(2C) is absent, the oxygen atom will have an associated negative charge. In some embodiments, the substituent on the base can result in the formation of a salt of a compound of Formula (II).

In some embodiments, B^(1C) can be an optionally substituted purine base. In other embodiments, B^(1C) can be an optionally substituted pyrimidine base. In some embodiments, B^(1C) can be

In other embodiments, B^(1C) can be

In still other embodiments, B^(1C) can be

such as

In yet still other embodiments, B^(1C) can be

wherein W² can be —NCH₂—OC(═O)CH(NH₂)—CH(CH₃)₂ or —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(2C))₂, In some embodiments, B^(1C) can be

for example,

In other embodiments, R^(DD2) can be hydrogen. In still other embodiments, B^(1C) can be

In some embodiments, R^(BB2) can be NH₂. In other embodiments, R^(BB2) can be NHR^(WW2), wherein R^(WW2) can be —C(═O)R^(MM2) or —C(═O)OR^(NN2). In still other embodiments, B^(1C) can be

In some embodiments, B^(1C) can be

In some embodiments, when R^(2C) is halo (such as fluoro); - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); B^(1C) is selected from an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein R^(a2) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, R^(a3) and R^(a4) are independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an unsubstituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₃₋₆ alkynyl and an unsubstituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, R^(a5) is NHR^(a8), and R^(a6) is hydrogen, halogen or NHR^(a9); R^(a7) is NHR^(a10); R^(a8) is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a11) and —C(═O)OR^(a12); R^(a9) is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a13) and —C(═O)OR^(a14); R^(a10) is selected from hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a15) and —C(═O)OR^(a16); X^(a1) is N or —CR^(a17); R^(a17) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; R^(a11), R^(a12), R^(a13), R^(a14), R^(a15) and R^(a16) are independently selected from C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); then R^(3C) is selected from H, halo and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(4C) is selected from OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(D), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(D1)R″^(D2); or then R^(4C) is an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(3C) is selected from H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; or then R^(1C) is

wherein R^(6C) and R^(7C) are independently

wherein h is 1, 2 or 3,

or then R^(1C) is

wherein R^(6C) and R^(7C) are taken together to form a moiety selected from an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6C) and R^(7C), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system. In some embodiments, when R^(2C) is halo (such as fluoro); - - - - - - - - are each a single bond; then R^(4C) is —OC(═O)R″^(D) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. In some embodiments, when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(3C) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(4C) is halo; then R^(5C) is selected from an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N3; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(4C) is halo; and R^(5C) is H or halo; then R^(3C) is H or halo. In some embodiments, when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(3C) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; R^(4C) is halo; R^(5C) is H or halo; and R^(1C) is

then at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is

wherein R^(21C) is independently selected from an optionally substituted —O— heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; or then at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is

wherein h is 1, 2 or 3; or then at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is

wherein h is 0 and R^(24C) is an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl or an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen or —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(3C) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; R^(4C) is halo; R^(5C) is H or halo; and R^(1C) is

then R^(8C) is

wherein R^(21C) is independently selected from an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; or then R^(8C) is

wherein h is 1, 2 or 3; or then R^(8C) is

wherein h is 0 and R^(24C) is an optionally substituted —O— heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl or

In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OH; R^(2C) is methyl; R^(3C) is OH; then R^(4C) is halo, —OC(═O)R″^(D) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid. In some embodiments, when - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(2C) is halo (for example, F); R^(3C) is OH or —OC(═O)R″^(C); R^(4C) is halo (for example, F); and R^(5C) is methyl, ethyl or ethenyl; then R^(1C) cannot be selected from H,

wherein R^(8C) is an unsubstituted aryl; R^(9C) is

and Z^(2C) is oxygen. In some embodiments, when R^(2C) is halo (such as F), R^(3C) is OH, R^(4C) is NH₂, R^(4C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₆alkyl (such as CH₃) and - - - - - - - - are both absent, then R^(1C) cannot be H. In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

R^(6C) is

R^(8C) is an optionally substituted aryl, R^(9C) is an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester; then R^(5C) is H, halo, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^(1C) is not hydrogen (H), for example, when R^(3C) is halo (such as fluoro) and R^(4C) is OH. In some embodiments, R^(1C) is not

wherein Z^(1C) is O and R^(6C) is

for example, when R^(4C) is halo (such as fluoro) and R^(3C) is OH. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not hydrogen (H). In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not fluoro (F). In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not —CN. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not —CHF₂. In some embodiments, R^(5C) is not hydrogen or halo. In some embodiments, R^(4C) is not halo. In some embodiments, R^(4C) is not fluoro (F). In other embodiments, R^(4C) is not chloro (Cl). In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not —(CH₂)₁₋₆N3. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not halogen (for example, fluoro). In some embodiments, R^(4C) is not hydrogen, when R^(5C) is fluoro. In some embodiments, R^(5C) is not an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(5C) is not selected from an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(2C) is not hydrogen (H) when R^(5C) is an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl. In some embodiments, R^(5C) is not —OH. In some embodiments, R^(4C) is not hydrogen (H). In some embodiments, R^(4A) is not N₃. In some embodiments, R^(4A) is not NH₂. In some embodiments, R^(6C) is not an optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(6C) is not an unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, R^(9C) is not N-alanine isopropyl ester. In some embodiments, R^(5C) is not an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl. For example, R^(5C) is not an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, such as methyl. In some embodiments, B^(1C) is not an optionally substituted uracil, for example, a halo-substituted uracil. In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl,

wherein R^(6C) can be

wherein R^(8C) is an unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or an unsubstituted or substituted naphthyl and R^(9C) is an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester; R^(2C) is fluoro, R^(3C) is OH or —C(═O)-unsubstituted or substituted phenyl; R^(4C) is fluoro; and R^(5C) is a C₁₋₄ alkyl (such as methyl); then B^(1C) cannot be an optionally substituted pyrimidine base, such as

In some embodiments, when R^(1C) is

R^(2C) is H, R^(3C) is OH and R^(4C) is OH or halogen (such as F), then R^(5C) is not an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkenyl or an optionally substituted C₂₋₆alkynyl.

Examples of compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, include, but are not limited to:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

Additional examples of compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, include, but are not limited to:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may not be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may not be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may not be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may not be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, may not be selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may not be selected from a compound of paragraphs [0289]-[0296] when the virus is HCV. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may not be selected from a compound of paragraphs [0292]-[0296] when the virus is HCV. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may not be selected from a compound of paragraphs [0289]-[0296]. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may not be selected from a compound of paragraphs [0292]-[0296]. In some embodiments, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, is not a compound in WO 2013/092481 (filed Dec. 17, 2012), U.S. 2013/0164261 (filed Dec. 20, 2012), WO 2014/100505 (filed Dec. 19, 2013), WO 2013/096679 (filed Dec. 20, 2012), WO 2013/142525 (filed Mar. 19, 2013), or U.S. application Ser. No. 14/312,990 (filed Jun. 24, 2014) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Some embodiments described herein relates to a pharmaceutical composition, that can include an effective amount of one or more compounds described herein (e.g., a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can include a single diastereomer of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing, (for example, a single diastereomer is present in the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration of greater than 99% compared to the total concentration of the other diastereomers). In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can include a mixture of diastereomers of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing. For example, the pharmaceutical composition can include a concentration of one diastereomer of >50%, ≧60%, ≧70%, ≧80%, ≧90%, ≧95%, or ≧98%, as compared to the total concentration of the other diastereomers. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes a 1:1 mixture of two diastereomers of a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture of one or more compounds disclosed herein with other chemical components, such as diluents or carriers. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism. Pharmaceutical compositions can also be obtained by reacting compounds with inorganic or organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and salicylic acid. Pharmaceutical compositions will generally be tailored to the specific intended route of administration. A pharmaceutical composition is suitable for human and/or veterinary applications.

The term “physiologically acceptable” defines a carrier, diluent or excipient that does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.

As used herein, a “carrier” refers to a compound that facilitates the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues. For example, without limitation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a commonly utilized carrier that facilitates the uptake of many organic compounds into cells or tissues of a subject.

As used herein, a “diluent” refers to an ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition that lacks pharmacological activity but may be pharmaceutically necessary or desirable. For example, a diluent may be used to increase the bulk of a potent drug whose mass is too small for manufacture and/or administration. It may also be a liquid for the dissolution of a drug to be administered by injection, ingestion or inhalation. A common form of diluent in the art is a buffered aqueous solution such as, without limitation, phosphate buffered saline that mimics the composition of human blood.

As used herein, an “excipient” refers to an inert substance that is added to a pharmaceutical composition to provide, without limitation, bulk, consistency, stability, binding ability, lubrication, disintegrating ability etc., to the composition. A “diluent” is a type of excipient.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered to a human patient per se, or in pharmaceutical compositions where they are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, or carriers, diluents, excipients or combinations thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds described herein are known to those skilled in the art.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or tableting processes. Additionally, the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. Many of the compounds used in the pharmaceutical combinations disclosed herein may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counterions.

Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist in the art including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, aerosol, injection and parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal and intraocular injections.

One may also administer the compound in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the compound directly into the infected area, often in a depot or sustained release formulation. Furthermore, one may administer the compound in a targeted drug delivery system, for example, in a liposome coated with a tissue-specific antibody. The liposomes will be targeted to and taken up selectively by the organ.

The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient. The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. The pack or dispenser may also be accompanied with a notice associated with the container in form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the drug for human or veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, may be the labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs, or the approved product insert. Compositions that can include a compound described herein formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.

Synthesis

Compounds of Formula (I), Formula (II) and those described herein may be prepared in various ways. General synthetic routes to the compound of Formula (I), Formula (II) and some examples of starting materials used to synthesize the compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) are shown in Scheme 1, 2, 3 and 4, and described herein. The routes shown and described herein are illustrative only and are not intended, nor are they to be construed, to limit the scope of the claims in any manner whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize modifications of the disclosed syntheses and to devise alternate routes based on the disclosures herein; all such modifications and alternate routes are within the scope of the claims.

Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) can be prepared using various methods known to those skilled in the art. Examples of methods are shown in Schemes 1, 2, 3 and 4. Suitable phosphorus containing precursors can be commercially obtained or prepared by synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art. Examples of general structures of phosphorus containing precursors are shown in Schemes 1, 2, 3 and 4, and include phosphorochloridates and thiophosphorochloridates. Suitable phosphorochloridates and thiophosphorochloridates are commercially available and/or can be synthetically prepared.

As shown in Scheme 1, compounds of Formulae (I) and (II), wherein the 4′-position is a haloalkyl, can be prepared from a nucleoside, for example, a nucleoside of Formula (A). In Scheme 1, R^(a), R^(3a), R^(4a), R^(5a), and B^(1a) can be the same as R^(A)/R^(C), R^(3A)/R^(3C), R^(4A)/R^(4C), R^(5A)/R^(5C), and B^(1A)/B^(1C) as described herein for Formulae (I) and (II), respectively, and PG¹ is a suitable protecting group. A hydroxyalkyl group can be formed at the 4′-position of the pentose ring using suitable conditions known to those skilled in the art. Examples of suitable conditions for forming a hydroxyalkyl include the use of 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) aqueous formaldehyde and sodium borohydride. A compound of Formula (B) can be transformed to a haloalkyl using a suitable agent(s), for example, to an iodide using imidazole, triphenylphosphine and iodine; to a fluoro using diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST); or to a chloro using triphenylphosphine and carbontetrachloride in dichloroethylene (DCE).

Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II), where R^(2A)/R^(2C) is a C₁₋₆ azidoalkyl, can be prepared from a nucleoside, for example, a nucleoside of Formula (A). In Scheme 2, R^(a), R^(3a), R^(4a), R^(5a) and B^(1a) can be the same as R^(A)/R^(C), R^(3A)/R^(3C), R^(4A)/R^(4C), R^(5A)/R^(5C) and B^(1A)/B^(1C) as described herein for Formulae (I) and (II), respectively, PG² can be a suitable protecting group and LG² can be a suitable leaving group. The 5′-position of the nucleoside can be oxidized to an aldehyde using methods known to those skilled in the art. Suitable oxidation conditions include, but are not limited to, Moffatt oxidation, Swern oxidation and Corey-Kim oxidation; and suitable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, Dess-Martin periodinane, IBX (2-iodoxybenzoic acid), TPAP/NMO (tetrapropylammonium perruthenate/N-methylmorpholine N-oxide), Swern oxidation reagent, PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate), and/or PDC (pyridinium dichromate), sodium periodate, Collin's reagent, ceric ammonium nitrate CAN, Na₂Cr₂O⁷ in water, Ag₂CO₃ on celite, hot HNO₃ in aqueous glyme, O₂-pyridine CuCl, Pb(OAc)₄-pyridine and benzoyl peroxide-NiBr₂. A hydroxymethyl group can be added to the 4′-position of the pentose ring along with the reduction of the aldehyde to an alcohol. The hydroxymethyl group can be added via a condensation reaction using formaldehyde and a base, such as sodium hydroxide. After addition of the hydroxymethyl group, reduction of the intermediate compound with a 4′-hydroxymethyl group can be conducted using a reducing reagent. Examples of suitable reducing agents include, but are not limited to, NaBH₄ and LiAlH₄. A suitable leaving group, such as a triflate, can be formed by replacing the hydrogen of the hydroxymethyl group attached to the 4′-position, and the oxygen attached to the 5′-position can be protected with a suitable protecting group (for example, by cyclization with the base, B^(1a), or with a separate protecting group). The leaving group can be replaced with an azido group using a metal azide reagent, for example, sodium azide. A C₁₋₆ azidoalkyl at the 4′-position can be reduced to a C₁₋₆ aminoalkyl. Various reduction agents/conditions known to those skilled in the art can be utilized. For example, the azido group can be reduced to an amino group via hydrogenation (for example, H₂—Pd/C or HCO₂NH₄—Pd/C), Staudinger Reaction, NaBH₄/CoCl₂.6H₂O, Fe/NH₄Cl or Zn/NH₄Cl.

Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) having a phosphorus containing group attached to the 5′-position of the pentose ring can be prepared using various methods known to those skilled in the art. Examples of methods are shown in Schemes 3 and 4. In Schemes 3 and 4, R^(a), R^(2a), R^(3a), R^(4a), R^(5a) and B^(1a) can be the same as R^(A)/R^(C), R^(2A)/R^(2C), R^(3A)/R^(3C), R^(4A)/R^(4C), R^(5A)/R^(5C) and B^(1A)/B^(1C) as described herein for Formulae (I) and (II), respectively. A phosphorus containing precursor can be coupled to the nucleoside, for example, a compound of Formula (B). Following the coupling of the phosphorus containing precursor, any leaving groups can be cleaved under suitable conditions, such as hydrolysis. Further phosphorus containing groups can be added using methods known to those skilled in the art, for example using a pyrophosphate. If desired, one or more bases can be used during the addition of each phosphorus-containing group. Examples of suitable bases are described herein.

In some embodiments, an alkoxide can be generated from a compound of Formula (C) using an organometallic reagent, such as a Grignard reagent. The alkoxide can be coupled to the phosphorus containing precursor. Suitable Grignard reagents are known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, alkylmagnesium chlorides and alkylmagnesium bromides. In some embodiments, an appropriate base can be used. Examples of suitable bases include, but are not limited to, an amine base, such as an alkylamine (including mono-, di- and tri-alkylamines (e.g., triethylamine)), optionally substituted pyridines (e.g. collidine) and optionally substituted imidazoles (e.g., N-methylimidazole)). Alternatively, a phosphorus containing precursor can be added to the nucleoside and form a phosphite. The phosphite can be oxidized to a phosphate using conditions known to those skilled in the art. Suitable conditions include, but are not limited to, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) and iodine as the oxidizing agent and water as the oxygen donor.

When compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) have Z^(1A)/Z^(1C), Z^(2A)/Z^(2C) or Z^(3A)/Z^(3C) being sulfur, the sulfur can be added in various manners known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the sulfur can be part of the phosphorus containing precursor, for example,

Alternatively, the sulfur can be added using a sulfurization reagent. Suitable sulfurization agents are known to those skilled in the art, and include, but are not limited to, elemental sulfur, Lawesson's reagent, cyclooctasulfur, 3H-1,2-Benzodithiole-3-one-1,1-dioxide (Beaucage's reagent), 3-((N,N-dimethylaminomethylidene)amino)-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole-5-thione (DDTT) and bis(3-triethoxysilyl)propyl-tetrasulfide (TEST).

As described herein, in some embodiments, R^(3A) and R^(4A) and/or R^(3C) and R^(4C) can be each an oxygen atom, wherein the oxygen atoms are linked together by a carbonyl groups. The —O—C(═O)—O— group can be formed using methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, a compound of Formula (I), wherein R^(3A) and R^(4A) are both hydroxy groups, can be treated with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI).

In some embodiments, the 2′-position and/or the 3′-position of the pentose ring can have an optionally substituted —O-acyl group attached, for example, —OC(═O)R″^(A) The optionally substituted —O-acyl group can be formed at the 2′- and/or 3′-position using various methods known to those skilled in the art. As an example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), wherein the 2′-position and the 3′-position each have an hydroxy group attached, can be treated with an alkyl anhydride (e.g., acetic anhydride and propionic anhydride) or an alkyl acid chloride (e.g., acetylchloride). If desired, a catalyst can be used to facilitate the reaction. An example of suitable catalyst is 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). Alternatively, the optionally substituted —O-acyl group group(s) can be formed at the 2′- and 3′-positions by reacting an alkyl acid (e.g. acetic acid and propionic acid) in the presences of a carbodiimide or a coupling reagent. Examples of carbodiimides include, but are not limited to, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC).

To reduce the formation of side products, one or more the groups attached to the pentose ring can be protected with one or more suitable protecting groups and/or any —NH and/or NH₂ groups present on the B^(1a), can be protected with one or more suitable protecting groups. As an example, if 2′-position and/or the 3′-position is/are hydroxy group(s), the hydroxy group(s) can be protected with suitable protecting groups, such as triarylmethyl and/or silyl groups. Examples of triarylmethyl groups include but are not limited to, trityl, monomethoxytrityl (MMTr), 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl (DMTr), 4,4′,4″-trimethoxytrityl (TMTr), 4,4′,4″-tris-(benzoyloxy)trityl (TBTr), 4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimido) trityl (CPTr), 4,4′,4″-tris(levulinyloxy)trityl (TLTr), p-anisyl-1-naphthylphenylmethyl, di-o-anisyl-1-naphthylmethyl, p-tolyldipheylmethyl, 3-(imidazolylmethyl)-4,4′-dimethoxytrityl, 9-phenylxanthen-9-yl (Pixyl), 9-(p-methoxyphenyl)xanthen-9-yl (Mox), 4-decyloxytrityl, 4-hexadecyloxytrityl, 4,4′-dioctadecyltrityl, 9-(4-octadecyloxyphenyl)xanthen-9-yl, 1,1′-bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-pyrenylmethyl, 4,4′,4″-tris-(tert-butylphenyl)methyl (TTTr) and 4,4′-di-3,5-hexadienoxytrityl. Examples of suitable silyl groups are described herein and include trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl and [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl. Alternatively, R^(3A) and/or R^(4A) can be protected by a single achiral or chiral protecting group, for example, by forming an orthoester, a cyclic acetal or a cyclic ketal. Suitable orthoesters include methoxymethylene acetal, ethoxymethylene acetal, 2-oxacyclopentylidene orthoester, dimethoxymethylene orthoester, 1-methoxyethylidene orthoester, 1-ethoxyethylidene orthoester, methylidene orthoester, phthalide orthoester 1,2-dimethoxyethylidene orthoester, and alpha-methoxybenzylidene orthoester; suitable cyclic acetals include methylene acetal, ethylidene acetal, t-butylmethylidene acetal, 3-(benzyloxy)propyl acetal, benzylidene acetal, 3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene acetal and p-acetoxybenzylidene acetal; and suitable cyclic ketals include 1-t-butylethylidene ketal, 1-phenylethylidene ketal, isopropylidene ketal, cyclopentylidene ketal, cyclohexylidene ketal, cycloheptylidene ketal and 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene ketal.

EXAMPLES

Additional embodiments are disclosed in further detail in the following examples, which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of the claims.

Example 1 Compound 1

To a solution of 1-1 (100.0 g, 378.7 mmol) in pyridine (750 mL) was added DMTrCl (164.9 g, 487.8 mmol). The solution was stirred at RT for 15 h. MeOH (300 mL) was added, and the mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM (500 mL). To this solution were added imidazole (44.3 g, 650.4 mmol) and TBSCl (91.9 g, 609.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 14 h. The solution was washed with NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to give the crude product as a light yellow solid. The crude (236.4 g, 347.6 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HOAc aqueous solution (500 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 15 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, and washed with NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and purified on a silica gel column chromatography (1-2% MeOH in DCM) to give 1-2 (131.2 g, 91.9%) as a light yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 802 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 1-2 (131.2 g, 346.9 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (1200 mL) was added IBX (121.2 g, 432.8 mmol) at RT. The mixture was refluxed for 3 h and then cooled to 0° C. The precipitate was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give the crude aldehyde (121.3 g) as a yellow solid. The aldehyde was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (1000 mL). 37% CH₂O (81.1 mL, 1.35 mmol) and 2M NaOH aqueous solution (253.8 mL, 507.6 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h., and then neutralized with AcOH to pH=7. To the solution were added EtOH (400 mL) and NaBH₄ (51.2 g, 1.35 mol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl. The mixture was extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-3% MeOH in DCM) to give 1-3 (51.4 g, 38.9%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 1-3 (51.4 g, 125.9 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (400 mL) were added pyridine (80 mL) and DMTrCl (49.1 g, 144.7 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at RT for 14 h, and then treated with MeOH (30 mL). The solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-3% MeOH in DCM) to give the mono-DMTr protected intermediate as a yellow foam (57.4 g, 62.9%). The intermediate (57.4 g, 82.8 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (400 mL), and imidazole (8.4 g, 124.2 mmol), TBDPSCl (34.1 g, 124.2 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 14 h. The precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was washed with brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed to give a residue (72.45 g) as a white solid. The residue was dissolved in 80% HOAc aqueous solution (400 mL). The mixture was stirred RT for 15 h. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-2% MeOH in DCM) to give 1-4 (37.6 g, 84.2%) as a white solid.

A solution of 1-4 (700 mg, 1.09 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane was added Dess-Martin reagent (919 mg, 2.16 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with sat. sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium thiosulfate solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layers were concentrated to give the crude aldehyde, which was used for next step without purification. A solution of MePPh₃Br (3.88 g, 10.87 mmol) in anhydrous THF was treated with a solution of t-BuOK (9.81 mL, 9.81 mmol) in THF at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to RT for 1 h. After cooling to 0° C. for 1 h, a solution of the aldehyde (700 mg, 1.09 mmol) in THF was added. The mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was quenched with sat. ammonium chloride solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layers were purified by column chromatography to give 1-5 (167 mg, 30%).

To a solution of 1-5 (450 mg, 0.69 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added Pd/C (200 mg) at RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h under H₂ (balloon). Then the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to give the crude 1-6 (440 mg, 97.1%) as a white solid.

A solution of 1-6 (317 mg, 0.49 mmol), TPSCl (373 mg, 1.23 mmol), DMAP (150 mg, 1.23 mmol) and TEA (124 mg, 1.23 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with NH₃.H₂O, and then stirred at RT for 3 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 1-7 (200 mg, 63%).

To a solution of 1-7 (280 mg, 0.44 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added NH₄F (1.0 g, 27.0 mmol) at RT. The mixture was refluxed for 12 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (10% MeOH in DCM) to give compound 1 (81 mg, 63.3%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 291.8 [M+H]⁺.

Example 2 Compound 2

To a solution of 2-1 (2.5 g, 4.04 mmol) in DMF was added NaH (170 mg, 4.24 mmol, 60% purity) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at RT. NaI (6.1 g, 40.4 mmol) was added at RT and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give 2-2 (1.7 g, 94%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 2-2 (1.7 g, 3.81 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added 2 M NaOH solution (4.5 mL) at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The mixture was adjusted to pH=7, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was partitioned between DCM and water. The DCM layer was dried with high vacuum to give 2-3 (1.2 g, 68%) as a white solid, which was used without further purification.

To a solution of 2-3 (1.2 g, 2.58 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added NH₄COOH (650 mg, 7.75 mmol) and Pd/C (120 mg). The mixture was stirred under H₂ (30 psi) for 1.5 h at RT. The suspension was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (0.5% TEA and 1% MeOH in DCM) to give 2-4 (545 mg, 62%). ESI-MS: m/z 361.2 [M+23]⁺.

Compound 2-4 was dissolved in 80% aq. HCOOH (20 mL) and kept at 20° C. for 18 h. After cooling to RT, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue co-evaporated with toluene (3×25 mL). The residue was dissolved in water (3 mL) and concentrated aqueous NH₄OH (1 mL) was added. After 2 h at 20° C., the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 5 to 50% gradient of methanol in DCM to give purified compound 2 (14 mg) as a white solid.

Example 3 Compound 4

Compound 4-1 (5.0 g, 8.5 mmol) and 2-amino-6-chloropurine (3.0 g, 17.7 mmol) were co-concentrated with anhydrous toluene for 3 times. To a stirred suspension of the mixture in anhydrous MeCN (50 mL) was added DBU (7.5 g, 49 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 mins, and TMSOTf (15 g, 67.6 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 mins and then heated to 70° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled to RT, and diluted with EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column on silica gel (PE/EA: from 15/1 to 3/1) to give 4-2 (2.5 g, 46.3%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 4-2 (10 g, 15.7 mmol), AgNO₃ (8.0 g, 47 mmol) and collidine (10 mL) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added MMTrCl (14.5 g, 47 mmol) in small portions under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ aqueous and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/ME=20/1 to 8/1) to give 4-3 (10 g, 70%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 3-hydroxy-propionitrile (3.51 g, 49.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (100 mL) was added NaH (2.8 g, 70 mmol) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. To the mixture was added a solution of 4-3 (8.5 g, 9.35 mmol) in anhydrous THF (100 mL) at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with EA (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100/1 to 20/1) to give 4-4 (4.5 g, 83%) as a white solid.

Compound 4-4 (1.5 g, 2.6 mmol) was co-concentrated with anhydrous pyridine 3 times. To an ice cooled solution of 4-4 in anhydrous pyridine (30 mL) was added TsCl (1.086 g, 5.7 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (80 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100/1 to 15/1) to give 4-5 (1.4 g, 73%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 4-5 (4.22 g, 5.7 mmol) in acetone (60 mL) was added NaI (3.45 g, 23 mmol), and the mixture was refluxed overnight. The reaction was quenched by sat. Na₂S₂O₃ aqueous, and then extracted with EA (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100/1 to 15/1) to give 4-6 (4 g, 73%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 4-6 (4.0 g, 5.8 mmol) in anhydrous THF (60 mL) was added DBU (3.67 g, 24 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. overnight. The mixture was diluted with EA (80 mL). The solution was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100/1 to 20/1) to give 4-7 (2 g, 61%) as a white solid.

To an ice cooled solution of 4-7 (500 mg, 0.89 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added AgF (618 mg, 4.9 mmol) and a solution of I₂ (500 mg, 1.97 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat Na₂S₂O₃ and NaHCO₃ aqueous, and the mixture was extracted with DCM (50 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to give crude 4-8 (250 mg, crude) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of crude 4-8 (900 mg, 1.28 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was added DMAP (1.0 g, 8.2 mmol) and BzCl (795 mg, 5.66 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ aq. and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-TLC (DCM/MeOH=15:1) to give 4-9 (300 mg, 26%) as a white solid.

To a solution of crude 4-9 (750 mg, 0.82 mmol) in anhydrous HMPA (20 mL) was added NaOBz (1.2 g, 8.3 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (1.8 g, 8.3 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 d. The mixture was diluted with EA, and the solution was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-TLC (PE/EA=1:1) to give crude 4-10 (550 mg, 73%) as a white solid.

Crude 4-10 (550 mg, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (7N, 50 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH from 100/1 to 20/1) to give 4-11 (62 mg, 17%) as white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 598.0 [M+H]⁺.

A solution of 4-11 (12 mg) in 80% formic acid (0.5 mL) stood at RT for 3.5 h and then was concentrated. The residue was co-evaporated with MeOH/toluene 4 times in a vial, then triturated with EtOAc at 40° C. The EtOAc solution removed with pippet, and the trituration step was repeated several times. The remaining solid was dissolved in MeOH. The solution was concentrated and dried to give compound 4 (4.7 mg) as an off white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 326.6 [M+H]⁺.

Example 4 Compound 5

To a solution of 5-1 (1.2 g; 4.3 mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) were added p-toluenesulphonic acid monohydrate (820 mg; 1 eq.) and trimethyl orthoformate (14 mL; 30 eq.). The mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was then neutralized with methanolic ammonia and the solvent evaporated. Purification on silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂-MeOH solvent system (4-10% gradient) yielded 5-2 (1.18 g, 87%).

To an ice cooled solution of 5-2 (0.91 g; 2.9 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added iso-propylmagnesium chloride (2.1 mL; 2 M in THF). The mixture stirred at 0° C. for 20 mins. A solution of phosphorochloridate reagent (2.2 g; 2.5 eq.) in THF (2 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl solution and stirred at RT. for 10 mins. The mixture was then diluted with water and CH₂Cl₂, and the two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water, half saturated aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂-iPrOH solvent system (4-10% gradient) to yield Rp/Sp-mixture of 5-3 (1.59 g; 93%).

A mixture of 5-3 (1.45 g; 2.45 mmol) and 80% aq. HCOOH (7 mL) was stirred at RT. for 1.5 h. The solvent was evaporated and coevaporated with toluene. The obtained residue was dissolved in MeOH, treated with Et₃N (3 drops) and the solvent was evaporated. Purification on silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂-MeOH solvent system (4-10% gradient) yielded Rp/Sp-mixture of compound 5 (950 mg; 70%). ³¹P-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.52, 3.37. MS: m/z=544 [M−1].

Example 5 Compound 6

Compound 32-1 (5 g, 8.79 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine. To an ice cooled solution of 32-1 in anhydrous pyridine (15 mL) was added TsCl (3.43 g, 17.58 mmol), and stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction was checked by LCMS and TLC. The reaction was quenched with H₂O, and extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. Compound 6-1 (6.35 g, 100%) was used for next step directly.

To a solution of 6-1 (31.77 g, 43.94 mmol) in acetone (300 mL) was added NaI (65.86 g, 439.4 mmol), and heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was checked by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 6%) to give 6-2 (11.5 g, 38%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 6-2 (11.5 g, 16.94 mmol) in dry THF (120 mL) was added DBU (12.87 g, 84.68 mmol), and heated to 60° C. The reaction was stirred overnight and checked by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give 6-3 (5.5 g, 54%) as a white solid.

To an ice cooled solution of 6-3 (500 mg, 0.90 mmol) in dry DCM (20 mL) was added AgF (618 mg, 4.9 mmol) and a solution of I₂ (500 mg, 1.97 mmol) in dry DCM (20 mL). The reaction was stirred for 3 h., and checked by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat Na₂S₂O₃ solution and sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and the mixture was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried by anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure to give crude 6-4 (420 mg, 66%).

To a solution of crude 6-4 (250 mg, 0.36 mmol) in dry DCM (8 mL) was added DMAP (0.28 g, 2.33 mmol), TEA (145 mg, 1.44 mmol) and BzCl (230 mg, 1.62 mmol) in a solution of DCM (2 mL). The reaction was stirred overnight, and checked by LCMS. The mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-TLC to give crude 6-5 (150 mg, 46%).

To a solution of crude 6-5 (650 mg, 0.72 mmol) in dry HMPA (20 mL) was added NaOBz (1.03 g, 7.2 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (1.59 g, 7.2 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 2 d at 60° C. The mixture was diluted with H₂O, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-TLC to give 6-6 (210 mg, 32.4%). ESI-MS: m/z: 900.4 [M+H]⁺.

A mixture of 6-6 (25 mg) and BuNH₂ (0.8 mL) was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was evaporated and purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-15% gradient) to yield 6-7 (15 mg, 91%).

A mixture of 6-7 (15 mg, 0.02 mmol) in ACN (0.25 mL) and 4 N HCL/dioxane (19 uL) was stirred at RT for 45 mins. The mixture was diluted with MeOH and evaporated. The crude residue was treated with MeCN, and the solid was filtered to yield compound 6 (7 mg). MS: m/z=314 [M−1].

Example 6 Compound 7

A mixture of 7-1 (170 mg, 0.19 mmol) and methanolic ammonia (7 N; 3 mL) was stirred at RT for 8 h, concentrated and purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-11% gradient) to give 7-2 (100 mg, 90%).

Compound 7-2 was rendered anhydrous by co-evaporating with pyridine, followed by toluene. To a solution of 7-2 (24 mg, 0.04 mmol), and N-methylimidazole (17 μL, 5 eq.) in acetonitrile (1 mL) was added the phosphorochloridate (50 mg, 3.5 eq.) in 2 portions in 6 h intervals. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 d and evaporated. Purification on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-12% gradient) yielded 7-3 (10 mg, 28%).

A solution of 7-3 (9 mg, 0.01 mmol) in 80% formic acid was stirred 3 h at R. T. The mixture was evaporated and purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (5-15% gradient) to give compound 7 (3 mg, 50%). MS: m/z=624 [M−1].

Example 7 Compound 8

To an ice cooled solution of 8-1 (80 mg; 015 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added isopropylmagnesium chloride (0.22 mL; 2 M in THF). The mixture stirred at 0° C. for 20 mins. A solution of the phosphorochloridate reagent (0.16 g; 0.45 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl solution and stirred at RT for 10 mins. The mixture was diluted with water and CH₂Cl₂, and the two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water, half saturated aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂-MeOH solvent system (2-10% gradient) to yield Rp/Sp-mixture of 8-2 (102 mg; 80%).

A mixture of 8-2 (100 mg; 0.12 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) and 10% Pd/C (10 mg) was stirred under the H₂ atmosphere for 1.5 h. The mixture was filtered through a Celite pad, evaporated and purified on silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂-MeOH solvent system (4-10% gradient) to yield Rp/Sp-mixture of compound 8 (52 mg, 74%). MS: m/z=584 [M−1].

Example 8 Compound 9

A mixture of 9-1 (1.2 g, 4.3 mmol), PTSA monohydrate (0.82 g, 1 eq.), and trimethyl orthoformate (14 mL, 30 eq.) in dioxane (30 mL) was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was neutralized with 7 N NH₃/MeOH and a white solid removed by filtration. The residue was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and treated with 80% aq. AcOH (5 mL). The mixture was kept at RT for 45 mins and then evaporated. The residue was purified on silica gel (25 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) to give 9-2 (1.18 g, 87%).

Compound 9-3 (137 mg, 75%) was prepared from 9-2 (93 mg, 0.29 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.44 mmol) with DIPEA (0.2 mL), BopCl (147 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (66 mg) in THF (3 mL). Purification was done with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH solvent system (3-10% gradient).

A solution of 9-3 (137 mg) in 80% aq. HCOOH was stirred at RT for 2 h, and then concentrated. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene and then MeOH containing a small amount of a small amount of Et₃N (2 drops). Purification on silica (25 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) gave compound 9 (100 mg, 77%). MS: m/z=1175 [2M−1].

Example 9 Compound 10

Compound 10-1 (50 g, 86.0 mmol) and 6-Cl-guanine (16.1 g, 98.2 mmol) were co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times. To a solution of 10-1 in MeCN (200 mL) was added DBU (39.5 g, 258.0 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins, and then TMSOTf (95.5 g, 430.0 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins. The mixture was heated to 70° C., and stirred overnight. The solution was cooled to RT and diluted with EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column on silica gel (EA in PE from 10% to 40%) to give 10-2 (48.0 g, yield: 88.7%) as a yellow foam. ESI-MS: m/z 628 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 10-2 (48.0 g, 76.4 mol), AgNO₃ (50.0 g, 294.1 mmol) and collidine (40 mL) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) was added MMTrCl (46.0 g, 149.2 mmol) in small portions under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h under N₂. The reaction was monitored by TLC. The mixture was filtered, and the filter was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EA in PE from 5% to 50%) to the give crude 10-3 (68 g, 98%). ESI-MS: m/z 900.1 [M+H]⁺.

Sodium (8.7 g, 378.0 mmol) was dissolved in dry EtOH (100 mL) at 0° C., and slowly warmed to RT. Compound 10-3 (68.0 g, 75.6 mmol) was treated with freshly prepared NaOEt solution, and stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was monitored by TLC, and the mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The mixture was diluted with H₂O (100 mL), and extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give 10-4 (34.0 g, 75.2%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 598 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 10-4 (32.0 g, 53.5 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine 3 times. To an ice cooled solution of 10-4 in anhydrous pyridine (100 mL) was added TsCl (11.2 g, 58.9 mmol) in pyridine (50 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 18 h. at 0° C. The reaction was checked by LCMS (about 70% was the desired product). The reaction was quenched with H₂O, and the solution was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL), and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give crude 10-5 (25.0 g, 62.2%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 752 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 10-5 (23.0 g, 30.6 mmol) in acetone (150 mL) was added NaI (45.9 g, 306.0 mmol) and TBAI (2.0 g), and refluxed overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL), washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic solution was evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 20:1) to give the crude product. To a solution of the crude product in dry THF (200 mL) was added DBU (14.0 g, 91.8 mmol), and heated to 60° C. The mixture was stirred overnight, and checked by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, and the solution was extracted with EA (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give 10-6 (12.0 g, 67.4%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 580 [M+H]⁺.

To an ice cooled solution of 10-6 (8.0 g, 13.8 mmol) in dry MeCN (100 mL) was added NIS (3.9 g, 17.2 mmol) and TEA.3HF (3.3 g, 20.7 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 18 h and checked by LCMS. After the reaction was complete, the reaction was quenched with sat Na₂SO₃ and sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The solution was extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 50%) to give 10-7 (7.2 g, 72.0%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 726 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of crude 10-7 (7.2 g, 9.9 mmol) in dry DCM (100 mL) was added DMAP (3.6 g, 29.8 mmol), and BzCl (2.8 g, 19.8 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred overnight, and checked by LCMS. The mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 30%) to give 10-8 (8.0 g, 86.4%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 934 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 10-8 (7.5 g, 8.0 mmol) in dry DMF (100 mL) was added NaOBz (11.5 g, 80.0 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (15.6 mL). The mixture was stirred for 36 h. at 90° C. The mixture was diluted with H₂O (100 mL), and extracted with EA (3×150 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 30%) to give crude 10-9 (6.0 g, 80.0%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 928 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 10-9 (4.0 g, 4.3 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times, and treated with NH₃/MeOH (50 mL, 4N) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 18 h at RT. The reaction was monitored by LCMS, and the mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 30% to 50%) to give 10-10 (1.9 g, 71.7%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 616 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 10-10 (300.0 mg, 0.49 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times, and was dissolved in MeCN (2 mL). The mixture was treated with NMI (120.5 mg, 1.47 mmol) and the phosphorochloridate reagent (338.1 mg, 0.98 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 18 h at RT. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was diluted with 10% NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 30% to 50%) to give 10-11 (240 mg, 53.3%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 925 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 10-11 (240.0 mg, 0.26 mmol) was treated with 80% AcOH (10 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 18 h at RT. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 3%) to give compound 10 (87.6 mg, 51.7%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 653 [M+H]⁺.

Example 10 Compound 12

To a stirred suspension of 12-1 (20.0 g, 81.3 mmol), imidazole (15.9 g, 234.0 mmol), PPh₃ (53.5 g, 203.3 mmol) and pyridine (90 mL) in anhydrous THF (100 mL) was added a solution of I₂ (41.3 g, 162.6 mmol) in THF (150 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was slowly warmed to RT and stirred for 14 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. Na₂S₂O₃ (150 mL) and extracted with THF/EA (1/1) (100 mL×3). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was recrystallized from EtOH to afford pure 12-2 (23 g, 79%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 12-2 (23 g, 65 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (200 mL) was added NaOCH₃ (10.5 g, 195 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 3 h, and quenched with dry ice. A solid precipitated and removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified on column silica gel column (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 10%) to provide 12-3 (13.1 g, 92.5%) as a white foam solid.

To a stirred solution of 12-3 (12.0 g, 53 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN was added TEA.3HF (8.5 g, 53 mmol) and NIS (10.2 g, 63.6 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 30 mins, and slowly warmed to RT. The mixture was stirred for another 30 mins. The solid was removed by filtration, and washed with DCM to give 12-4 (14 g, 73%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 373.0 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of 12-4 (12.0 g, 32 mmol) and DMAP (1.2 g, 9.6 mmol) in pyridine (100 mL) was added Bz₂O (21.7 g, 96 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 16 h. The resulting solution was quenched with water, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The crude was purified on silica gel column (50% EA in PE) to give 12-5 (15 g, 81%) as a white solid. ESI-TOF-MS: m/z 581.0 [M+H]⁺.

Tetra-butylammonium hydroxide (288 mL as 54-56% aqueous solution, 576 mmol) was adjusted to pH˜4 by adding TFA (48 mL). The resulting solution was treated with a solution of 12-5 (14 g, 24 mmol) in DCM (200 mL). m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (30 g, 60-70%, 120 mmol) was added portion wise with vigorous stirring, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The organic layer was separated and washed with brine. The resulting solution was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 12-6 (7.5 g, 68%)

Compound 12-6 (5.0 g, 10.6 mmol) was treated with 7N NH₃.MeOH (100 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 5 h. The mixture was then concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was washed with DCM, and the solid was filtered to give 12-7 (2.1 g, 75%) as a white foam. ESI-MS: m/z 263.0 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 12-7 (2.1 g, 8.0 mmol) in pyridine was added TIDPSCl (2.5 g, 8.0 mmol) dropwise at 0° C., and stirred for 12 h. at RT. The solution was quenched with water, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 50%) to give pure 12-8 (1.6 g, 40%) as a white foam.

A solution of 12-8 (1.5 g, 3.0 mmol) and IBX (1.69 g, 6.0 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (10 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled down to RT and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (EA in PE from 2% to 50%) to give pure 12-9 (1.2 g, 80%) as a white foam. ESI-MS: m/z 503.0 [M+H]⁺

Compound 12-9 (500 mg, 1 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (8 mL). Ethynyl magnesium bromide (8 mL of 0.5M solution in cyclohexane) was added at RT. After 30 mins, additional ethynyl magnesium bromide (8 mL) was added. The mixture was left for 30 mins, and then quenched with sat. solution of ammonium chloride. The product was extracted with EA. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel in EA to remove the dark color. The yellow compound was dissolved in THF (3 mL) and treated with TBAF (1 mL, 2M solution in THF) for 30 mins. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography on a Biotage cartridge (25 g). EA saturated with water was used for isocratic elution. Each fractions were analyzed by TLC in DCM:MeOH (9:1 v:v). Fractions containing only the isomer with a high Rf were concentrated to give pure compound 12 (110 mg). MS: 285.1 [M−1].

Example 11 Compound 13

Compound 12 (57 mg, 0.2 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃CN (2 mL), containing N-methylimidazole (40 uL). The phosphorochloridate reagent (207 mg, 0.6 mmol) was added, and the mixture was kept overnight at 40° C. The mixture was distributed between water and EA. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried and evaporated. The product was isolated by silica gel chromatography in gradient of methanol in DCM from 0% to 15%. Compound 13 was obtained (46 mg, 39%). MS: m/z 593.9 [M−1].

Example 12 Compound 14

To a stirred solution of 14-1 (5.0 g, 19.53 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN was added IBX (7.66 g, 27.34 mmol) at RT. The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 12 h, and then slowly cooled to RT. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated to give crude 14-2 (4.87 g, 98%).

To a solution of 14-2 (4.96 g, 19.53 mmol) in anhydrous THF at −78° C. under N₂ was added methyl magnesium bromide (19.53 mL, 58.59 mmol) by dropwise. The mixture was slowly warmed to RT, and stirred for 12 h. The mixture was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-3 (4.37 g, 83%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-3 (4.37 g, 16.19 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added DMAP (3.95 g, 32.38 mmol), TEA (4.91 g, 48.56 mmol), and BzCl (6.80 g, 48.56 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give crude 14-4 (5.3 g, 87%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-4 (3.0 g, 8.02 mmol) and Ac₂O (4.91 g, 48.13 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL) was added concentrated H₂SO₄ (98%, 2.41 g, 24.06 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solution was poured into ice water (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-5 (2.3 g, 81%)) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 6-Cl-guanine (560 mg, 3.31 mmol) and 14-5 (1.11 g, 2.76 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (5 mL) was added DBU (1.27 g, 8.28 mmol) under N₂ at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., and TMSOTf (2.45 g, 11.04 mmol) was added slowly in 15 mins. The mixture was then warmed RT in 30 mins. The mixture was heated at 60° C. for 4 h. The mixture was then poured into ice water (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-6 (800 mg, 70%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-6 (839 mg, 1.64 mmol), MMTrCl (1.46 g, 4.75 mmol) and AgNO₃ (697 mg, 4.1 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added collidine (794 mg, 6.56 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 12 h at RT. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (20 mL). After filtration, the filtrate was extracted with DCM (3×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-7 (1.3 g, 72.5%) as a white solid.

3-hydroxyl acrylic nitrile (4.13 g, 5.82 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (10 mL). The solution was treated with NaH (464 mg, 11.6 mmol) at 0° C., and slowly warmed to RT, and stirred for 30 mins. A solution of 14-7 (912 mg, 1.16 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added slowly. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water (40 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-8 (600 mg, 85%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-8 (6.20 g, 10.86 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution of TsCl (4.54 g, 23.89 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The mixture was quenched with water (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-9 (6.0 g, 76%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-9 (6.0 g, 8.28 mmol) in acetone (30 mL) was NaI (4.97 g, 33.12 mmol), and refluxed overnight. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL), and washed with sat.NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-10 (5.43 g, 96.4%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-10 (5.0 g, 7.34 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added DBU (4.49 g, 29.37 mmol), and stirred at 60° C. overnight. The mixture was slowly cooled to RT. The mixture was quenched with water (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 14-11 (3.5 g, 85%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-11 (3.5 g, 6.33 mmol) and AgF (4.42 g, 34.81 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added a solution of iodine (3.54 g, 13.93 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (5 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution (40 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give crude 14-12 (1.37 g, 31%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 14-12 (1.37 g, 1.96 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) was added sodium benzoate (2.82 g, 19.60 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (4.31 g, 19.60 mmol), and stirred at 90° C. for 3 d. The mixture was quenched with water (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by HPLC separation to give 14-13 (250 mg, 20%). ESI-MS: m/z: 694 [M+H]⁺

A mixture of 14-13 (250 mg, 0.36 mmol) in liquid ammonia was kept overnight at RT in high pressure glass vessel. Ammonia was then evaporated, and the residue purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) to give 14-14 (180 mg, 85%).

Compound 14 (85 mg, 56%) was prepared from 14-14 (99 mg) with i-PrMgCl (0.11 mL) and the phosphorochloridate reagent (94 mg) in THF (2 mL) followed by deprotection. MS: m/z=627 [M+1].

Example 13 Compound 15

To a solution of 15-1 (260 mg, 1 mmol), PPh₃ (780 mg, 3 mmol) and pyridine (0.5 mL) in anhydrous THF (8 mL) were added I₂ (504 mg, 2 mmol) at RT, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1M HCl solution. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 15-2 (190 mg, 85%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 15-2 (190 mg, 0.52 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added DBU (760 mg, 5 mmol) at RT, and the mixture was heated at 50° C. overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 15-3 (75 mg, 52%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 15-3 (200 mg, 0.82 mmol) in MeCN (anhydrous, 4 mL) was added NIS (337 mg, 1.5 mmol) and TEA.3HF (213 mg, 1.25 mmol) at RT, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 7 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂SO₃ solution and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The mixture was extracted with EA. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 15-4 (300 mg, 62%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 15-4 (194 mg, 0.5 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added BzCl (92 mg, 0.55 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h, and the reaction was quenched with water. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 15-5 (397 mg, 81%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 15-5 (1.05 g, 2.13 mmol) in DCM (12 mL) was added a mixture of TFA (0.5 mL) and Bu₄NOH (1 mL), followed by addition of m-CPBA (1.3 g, 6 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h. The mixture was washed with sat. Na₂SO₃ solution and aq. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 15-6 (450 mg, 63%) as a white solid.

Compound 15-6 (250 mg, 0.65 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give compound 15 (120 mg, 66%) as a white powder. ESI-MS: m/z 279.0 [M+H]⁺.

Example 14 Compound 16

Sodium (6.0 g, 261.2 mmol) was dissolved in dry EtOH (400 mL) at 0° C., and slowly warmed to RT. Compound 14-7 (32.0 g, 43.5 mmol) was treated with a freshly prepared NaOEt solution at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The mixture was quenched with H₂O (40 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 0.5% to 2%) to give 16-1 (20.0 g, 76.6%) as a white solid.

Compound 16-1 (20.0 g, 33.3 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine 3 times. To an ice cooled solution of 16-1 in anhydrous pyridine (100 mL) was added TsCl (9.5 g, 49.9 mmol) at 0° C. After addition, the reaction was stirred for 12 h at 20° C., and monitored by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with H₂O, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 0.5% to 2%) to give 16-2 (20.0 g, 80%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 16-2 (20.0 g, 26.5 mmol) in acetone (100 mL) was added NaI (31.8 g, 212 mmol), and heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was checked by LCMS. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 0.5% to 2%) to give a crude product. To a solution of the crude product in dry THF (60 mL) was added DBU (16.2 g, 106 mmol), and heated to 60° C. The mixture was stirred overnight and checked by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 0.5% to 2%) to give 16-3 (12.0 g, 77.9%) as a yellow solid.

To an ice-clod solution of 16-3 (11.0 g, 18.9 mmol) in dry MeCN (100 mL) was added NIS (5.4 g, 23.7 mmol) and NEt₃.3HF (3.0 g, 18.9 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h., and checked by LCMS. After the reaction was complete, the reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂SO₃ solution and sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The solution was extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 12% to 50%) to give 16-4 (11.0 g, 79.9%).

To a solution of 16-4 (10.0 g, 13.7 mmol) in dry DMF (100 mL) was added NaOBz (19.8 g, 137 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (30.2 g, 137 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 48 h at 90° C., and diluted with EA. The solution was washed with water and brine, and dried over MgSO₄. The organic layer was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 12% to 50%) to give 16-5 (8.0 g, 80.0%).

Compound 16-5 (6.0 g, 8.3 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times, and treated with NH₃ in MeOH (4N, 50 mL) at RT. The reaction was stirred for 18 h at RT. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. After the reaction was complete, the mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 20% to 50%) to give 16-6 (4.5 g, 87.8%). ESI-MS: m/z 617.9 [M+H]⁺.

To an ice cooled mixture of 16-6 (25 mg, 0.07 mmol) and NMI (46 μL, 8 eq.) in acetonitrile (0.7 mL) was added the phosphorochloridate reagent (73 mg, 3 eq.) and stirred overnight at RT. Additional amounts of NMI (46 uL) and the phosphorochloridate reagent (73 mg) were added and stirring continued for 1 d. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl, diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was separated and washed with aq. NaHCO₃, water, and brine, and then dried (Na₂SO₄). The residue was purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) to yield compound 16 (18 mg, 40%). MS: m/z=655 [M+1].

Example 15 Compound 18

To a solution of compound 15 (139 mg, 0.5 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added BzCl (92 mg, 0.55 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h, diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 18-1 (274 mg, 79%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 18-1 (490 mg, 1 mmol), DMAP (244 mg, 2 mmol) and TEA (205 mg, 2.1 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) were added TPSCl (604 mg, 2 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h., and then NH₄OH aq. was added at RT. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h, diluted with EtOAc and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 18-2 (250 mg, 41%) as a white solid.

Compound 18-2 (250 mg, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h. and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (5% DCM in DCM) to give compound 18 (95 mg, 66%) as a white powder. ESI-MS: m/z 278.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 16 Compound 20

To a solution of compound 20-1 (30 g, 0.08 mol) in anhydrous THF (300 mL) was added a solution of lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride (120 mL, 0.12 mol) dropwise at −78° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and then filtered. The filtrate was extracted with EA (3×300 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 20-2 (26 g, 86%) as a colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of PPh₃ (37.7 g, 0.144 mol) in DCM (100 mL) was added compound 20-2 (27 g, 0.072 mol) at −20° C. under N₂. After the mixture was stirred at RT for 15 mins, CBr₄ (42 g, 0.129 mol) was added while maintaining the reaction temperature between −25 and −20° C. under N₂. The mixture was then stirred below −17° C. for 20 mins. Silica gel was added into the solution, and then purified by flash silica gel column separation to give the crude oil product. The crude was purified by silica gel column (EA in PE from 2% to 20%) to give 20-3 (α-isomer, 17 g, 55%) as a colorless oil.

A mixture of 6-Cl-guanine (11.6 g, 68.8 mmol) and t-BuOK (8.2 g, 73 mmol) in t-BuOH (200 mL) and MeCN (150 mL) was stirred at 35° C. for 30 mins, and then 20-3 (10 g, 22.9 mmol) in MeCN 100 mL) was added at RT. The mixture was heated at 50° C. overnight. The reaction was quenched with a solution of NH₄Cl (5 g) in water (40 mL), and the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 20-4 (6 g, 42%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 20-4 (12.5 g, 23.8 mol) in DCM (50 mL) was added AgNO₃ (8.1 g, 47.6 mmol), collidine (5.77 g, 47.6 mmol) and MMTrCl (11 g, 35.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (5 mL), filtered and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give the intermediate (16 g, 86%) as a yellow solid. To a solution of HOCH₂CH₂CN (4.7 g, 66 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added NaH (3.7 g, 92 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. A solution of the intermediate (10.5 g, 13 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (2 mL), diluted with EA (100 mL), and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 20-5 (5.8 g, 77%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of PPh₃ (7.0 g, 26.6 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (100 mL) was added I₂ (6.3 g, 24.9 mmol), and stirred at RT for 30 mins. The mixture was treated with a solution of 20-5 (9.5 g, 16.6 mmol) in pyridine (40 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution, and the mixture was extracted with EA. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 20-6 (7 g, 66%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 20-6 (7.5 g, 11 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL) was added DBU (5.4 g, 33 mmol), and the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (3×100 mL), and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 20-7 (4.0 g, 67%) as a white solid.

To an ice-cooled solution of 20-7 (3.0 g, 5.4 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (20 mL) was added TEA.3HF (0.65 g, 4.1 mmol) and NIS (1.53 g, 6.78 mmol) at RT, and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (50 mL), and washed with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution and NaHCO₃ aq. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to separate the two isomers (about 1:1). NOE showed the polar one was 20-8 (0.6 g, 16%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 20-8 (0.7 g, 1 mmol) in dry pyridine (10 mL) was added BzCl (147 mg, 1.05 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The mixture was then diluted with EA, and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ aq. and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 20-9 (0.65 g, 81%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 20-9 (0.65 g, 0.8 mmol) in dry DMF (40 mL) was added NaOBz (1.15 g, 8 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (1.77 g, 8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 48 h. The solvent was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (30 mL), and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 20-10 (500 mg, 78%) as a white solid.

Compound 20-10 (400 mg, 0.5 mmol) in NH₃/MeOH (7N, 100 mL) was stirred at RT for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 20-11 (220 mg, 63%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 590.3 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 20-11 (59 mg, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in 50% TFA in methanol (10 mL), and the mixture was kept at RT for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated and co-evaporated with a methanol/toluene mixture to remove traces of the acid. The residue was suspended in CH₃CN (1 mL) and centrifuged. The precipitate was washed with CH₃CN (1 mL) and dried. Compound 20 was obtained as a colorless solid (21 mg, 65%. MS: m/z 316.2 [M−1].

Example 17 Compound 21

Compound 21 (15 mg, 16%) was prepared from 21-1 (50 mg) in acetonitrile (2 mL) with the phosphorochloridate reagent (0.14 g) and NMI (0.1 mL) in the same manner as compound 7. MS: m/z=643 [M+1].

Example 18 Compound 22

Compound 22 (30 mg, 32%) was prepared from 22-1 (50 mg) in acetonitrile (2 mL) with the phosphorochloridate reagent (0.14 g) and NMI (0.1 mL) in the same manner as compound 7. MS: m/z=615 [M+1].

Example 19 Compound 23

To a stirred solution of compound 15 (60 mg, 0.22 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (0.142 mL, 1.73 mmol) at 0° C. (dry ice/acetone bath) followed by solution of phenyl (cyclohexanoxy-L-alaninyl) phosphorochloridate (235 mg, 0.68 mmol, dissolved in THF (2 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and the temperature was raised up-to 10° C. over the next 1 h. The reaction left at 10° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C., diluted with EA, and water (5 mL) was added. The solution was washed with H₂O and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which dissolved in 25% CH₃CN/H₂O. The compound was purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, followed by lyophilization gave a white foam. The produce was re-dissolved in EtOAc, washed with 50% aqueous citric acid solution, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum, and lyophilized to give two isomers (Rp/Sp) of compound 23 (6.3 mg). MS m/z 586.05 [M−H].

Example 20 Compound 24

To a stirred solution of compound 15 (100 mg, 0.36 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (236 μL, 2.87 mmol) at 0° C. (dry ice/acetone bath) followed by a solution of the phosphorochloridate (329 mg, 1.08 mmol, dissolved in 2 mL of THF). The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, the reaction temperature was raised up-to 10° C. during the next 1 h, and the solution was left at 10° C. for the next 4 h. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C., diluted with EA, and water was added (15 mL). The solution was washed H₂O, 50% aqueous citric acid solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which dissolved in 25% CH₃CN/H₂O. The residue was purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, followed by lyophilization to give a mixture of two isomers of compound 24 (17.5 mg). MS m/z 546.05 [M−H].

Example 21 Compounds 25 and 26

To a solution of 25-1 (0.47 g, 0.65 mol) in DCM (3 mL) was added AgNO₃ (0.22 g, 1.29 mmol), collidine (0.15 g, 1.29 mmol) and MMTrCl (0.3 g, 0.974 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filter was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 25-2 (0.55, 85%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 25-2 (0.5 g, 0.5 mmol) in dry DMF (10 mL) was added NaOBz (0.72 g, 5 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (0.9 mL). The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 72 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 25-3 (0.3 g, 60%) as a white solid.

Compound 25-3 (0.3 g, 0.3 mmol) in NH₃/MeOH (30 mL) was stirred at RT for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 25-4 (145 mg, 56%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 890.5 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of 25-4 (161 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (118 μL, 2.87 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath) followed by solution of 25-5 (186 mg, 0.54 mmol, dissolved in 2 mL of CH₃CN). The solution was stirred at 0 to 5° C. for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, and water was added (15 mL). The solution was washed H₂O, 50% aqueous citric acid solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified on silica gel with 0 to 40% EA/hexanes to give as 25-6 (82.6 mg) as the faster eluting isomer and 25-7 (106 mg) as the slower eluting isomer.

Compound 25-6 (82.6 mg, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (35 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h, and anhydrous EtOH (100 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, and purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, followed by lyophilization to give compound 25 (19.4 mg). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.9 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.28 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.2-7.12 (m, 3H), 6.43 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.63 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.4 (m, 3H), 3.94-3.9 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.53-1.49 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.22 (m, 15H); ³¹P NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 4.06 (s); ESI-LCMS: m/z=655.2 [M+H]⁺, 653.15 [M−H]⁻.

Compound 25-7 (100 mg, 0.083 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (50 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. Following the procedure for obtaining compound 25, compound 26 (31.8 mg) was obtained. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.14 (m, 3H), 6.41 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.60 (m, 2H), 4.54-4.49 (m, 2H), 4.44-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.89 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.66 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.24 (m, 16H); ³¹P NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ 3.91 (s); ESI-LCMS: m/z=655.2 [M+H]⁺, 653.1 [M−H]⁻.

Example 22 Compounds 27 and 28

To a stirred suspension of 4-1 (50 g, 84.8 mmol) and 2-amino-6-chloropurine (28.6 g, 169.2 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (500 mL) was added DBU (77.8 g, 508 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins, and TMSOTf (150.5 g, 678 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 20 mins until a clear solution was formed. The mixture was stirred at 90-110° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled to RT, and diluted with EA. The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=2/1) to give 27-1 (30 g, 55.5%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 27-1 (30 g, 47.1 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (300 mL) was added collidine (30 mL), AgNO₃ (24 g, 141.4 mmol) and MMTrCl (43.6 g, 141.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=4/1) to give 27-2 (35 g, 82%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 27-2 (35 g, 38.5 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (150 mL) was added a solution of EtONa in EtOH (2N, 150 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (200 mL) and the solution was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100/2) to give 27-3 (19 g, 81%) as a white solid.

Compound 27-3 (19 g, 31.3 mmol) was co-concentrated with anhydrous pyridine for 3 times. To an ice cooled solution of 27-3 in anhydrous pyridine (120 mL) was added a solution of TsCl (6.6 g, 34.6 mmol) in pyridine (40 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 16 h. The mixture was quenched with water, and the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was re-dissolved in EA (200 mL). The solution was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100/1) to give 27-4 (16 g, 67%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 27-4 (15 g, 19.7 mmol) in acetone (100 mL) was added NaI (30 g, 197 mmol). The mixture was refluxed overnight, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100/1) to give 27-5 (9 g, 63.7%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 27-5 (8 g, 11.2 mmol) in anhydrous THF (60 mL) was added DBU (5.12 g, 33.5 mmol), and the mixture was heated at 60° C. overnight. The mixture was diluted with EA, and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/acetone=4/1) to give 27-6 (5.7 g, 86%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OH, 400 MHz) δ=8.18 (s, 1H), 7.17-7.33 (m, 12H), 6.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 5.40 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (m, 5H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.69 (s, 1H), 1.05 (s, 3H).

To an ice cooled solution of 27-6 (4.44 g, 7.5 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (45 mL) was added TEA.3HF (1.23 g, 7.6 mmol) and NIS (2.16 g, 9.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2-3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂SO₃ and NaHCO₃ solution. The mixture was extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/acetone=100/2) to give 27-7 (4.4 g, 79.8%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 27-7 (5.36 g, 7.3 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was added DMAP (3.6 g, 29.8 mmol) and BzCl (3.1 g, 22.1 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=5/1) to give 27-8 (5.6 g, 81.3%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 27-8 (5.0 g, 5.3 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (150 mL) was added NaOBz (7.64 g, 53 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (14 g, 68 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 90-100° C. for 48 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=5/1) to give 27-9 (3.9 g, 78.5%) as a white solid.

Compound 27-9 in NH₃ in MeOH (7N, 60 mL) was stirred at RT for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/acetone=50/1) to give 27-10 (500 mg, 74.7%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 626.3 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 27-10 (350 mg, 0.56 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (4 mL) was added imidazole (50 mg, 0.72 mmol) and TBSCl (108 mg, 0.72 mmol) at 0 to 5° C., and stirred at RT for 15 h. The reaction was quenched with absolute EtOH (0.5 mL). The solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (150 mL), and washed with water, sat. NaHCO₃ and brine. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (10-30% EA in hexanes) to give 27-11 (338 mg, 81.8%) as a white solid.

To a solution of compound 27-11 (328 mg, 0.44 mmol), AgNO₃ (226 mg, 1.33 mmol) and collidine (0.59 mL, 4.84 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (4 mL) was added MMTrCl (410 mg, 1.33 mmol) under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight under N₂, and monitored by TLC to completion. The mixture was filtered through pre-packed Celite filter, and the filtrate was washed with water, 50% aqueous citric acid, and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EA in hexanes from 0% to 30%) to give 27-12 (337 mg).

To a solution of 27-12 (337 mg, 0.33 mmol) in anhydrous THF (4 mL) was added 1.0 M solution of TBAF (0.66 ML, 0.66 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. The reaction was slowly warmed to RT, and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with silica gel, and filtered. The solvents were evaporated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel column (EA in hexanes from 0% to 50%) to give 27-13 (188 mg).

To a stirred solution of 27-13 (180 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2.5 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (132 μL, 1.6 mmol) at 0-5° C. (ice/water bath) followed by solution of phenyl (cyclohexanoxy-L-alaninyl)phosphorochloridate (207 mg, 0.6 mmol, dissolved in 2 mL of CH₃CN). The solution was stirred at RT for 2.5 h, and the mixture was diluted with EA followed by addition of water (15 mL). The solution was washed H₂O, 50% aqueous citric acid solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified on silica gel with 0 to 40% EA/hexanes to give 27-14 (75.8 mg) and 27-15 (108 mg) as a slower eluting isomer.

Compound 27-14 (76 mg, 0.063 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (47 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath). The mixture was stirred at RT for 40 mins, and anhydrous EtOH (200 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, and lyophilized to give compound 27 (26.6 mg). ESI-LCMS: m/z=663.3 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 27-15 (108 mg, 0.089 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.7 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (67 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath). The mixture was stirred at RT for 60 mins, and anhydrous EtOH (200 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, and lyophilized to give compound 28 (40.3 mg). ESI-LCMS: m/z=663.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 23 Compounds 30 and 31

To a mixture of pre-silylated 6-Cl-guanine (using HMDS and (NH₄)₂SO₄) (25.2 g, 150 mmol) in DCE (300 mL) was added 30-1 (50 g, 100 mmol) and TMSOTf (33.3 g, 150 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 16 h, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in EA, and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (PE/EA=2/1) to give pure 30-2 (45 g, 73%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-2 (45 g, 73.4 mmol) in EtOH (73 mL) was added with EtONa (1N in EtOH, 360 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The mixture was then concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=10/1) to give pure 30-3 (19 g, 83%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-3 (19 g, 61.1 mmol) in pyridine (120 mL) was added with TIPDSCl₂ (19.2 g, 61 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in EA, and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=20/1) to give pure 30-4 (22 g, 65%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-4 (22 g, 39.8 mmol) in DMF/pyridine (5/1, 100 mL) was added TMSCl (12.9 g, 119 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h and then treated with isobutyryl chloride (5.4 g, 50 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h and then quenched by NH₄OH. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (200 mL). The solution was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃, and then the organic layer was dried and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=50/1) to give pure 30-5 (15 g, 60%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-5 (15 g, 24.1 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added PDC (13.5 g, 26 mmol) and Ac₂O (9.8 g, 96 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NaHCO₃, and then extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (100 mL). To a solution of TMSCCH (12 g, 112 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added n-BuLi (2.5 N, 44 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 15 mins and 0° C. for 15 mins. The mixture was treated with a solution of crude ketone in THF at −78° C. and stirred at −30° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NH₄Cl, and then extracted by EA. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=10/1) to give pure 30-6 (3.1 g, 18%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-6 (7 g, 7.5 mmol) and pyridine (1.4 g, 17 mmol) in DCM (35 mL) was added with DAST (5.6 g, 35 mmol) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NaHCO₃, and then extracted with EA. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=10/1) to give pure 30-7 (3.1 g, 18%) as a white solid.

Compound 30-7 (4.1 g, 5.7 mmol) in sat. NH₃/MeOH (100 mL) was stirred at RT for 16 h, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in anhydrous DCM (300 mL), and was treated with AgNO₃ (27.0 g, 160 mmol), collidine (22 mL) and MMTrCl (23.0 g, 75.9 mmol) in small portions under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=10/1) to give the pure intermediate. The intermediate was dissolved in a solution of TBAF/THF (1N, 20 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=50/1) to give pure 30-8 (3.0 g, 86%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-8 (3.0 g, 4.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added imidazole (840 mg, 12 mmol), PPh₃ (3.2 g, 12 mmol), and I₂ (2.4 g, 9.2 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. Na₂S₂O₃, and then extracted with EA. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=2/1) to give crude 30-9 (4.2 g, >100%, containing TPPO) as a white solid.

To a solution of crude 30-9 in anhydrous THF (30 mL) was added DBU (2.7 g, 18 mmol), and heated to 80° C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h and checked by LCMS. The mixture was quenched by water, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=2/1) to give 30-10 (2.0 g, 69%) as a white solid.

To an ice cooled solution of 30-10 (2.0 g, 3.38 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (15 mL) was added NIS (777 mg, 3.5 mmol) and NEt₃.3HF (536 g, 3.3 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h and checked by LCMS. After completion, the mixture was quenched by sat. Na₂SO₃ and sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA=10/1 to 3/1) to give 30-11 (2.1 g, 84.0%) as a white solid.

To a solution of crude 30-11 (2.1 g, 2.85 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (100 mL) was added DMAP (490 mg, 4 mmol), and BzCl (580 mg, 4 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred overnight and checked by LCMS. The reaction was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA=8/1 to 3/1) to give 30-12 (2.0 g, 83.4%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-12 (2.0 g, 2.4 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (60 mL) was added NaOBz (3.3 g, 23.0 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (5.11 g, 23 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 36 h. The reaction was quenched by water, and the mixture was extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE/EA=5/1 to 3/1) to give 30-13 (830 mg, 42.0%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 836.11 [M+H]⁺.

A solution of 30-13 (831 mg, 1.0 mmol) in anhydrous n-butylamine (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 3 h under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was monitored by TLC. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (MeOH in DCM from 0% to 10%) to give the crude product, which as re-purified using silica gel column to give 30-14 as a light pink solid (563 mg).

To a solution of 30-14 (560 mg, 0.89 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (5 mL) was added imidazole (78.6 mg, 1.16 mmol) and TBSCl (202 mg, 1.34 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 15 h. The reaction was quenched by adding absolute EtOH (0.3 mL). The solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was dissolved in EA (150 mL), and washed with water, sat. NaHCO₃, and brine. The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (0-20% EA in hexanes) to give 30-15 (303 mg) as a white solid.

To a solution of 30-15 (303 mg, 0.41 mmol), AgNO₃ (208 mg, 1.23 mmol) and collidine (0.55 mL, 4.51 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (4 mL) was added MMTrCl (378 mg, 1.3 mmol) under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight under N₂, and monitored by TLC. The mixture was filtered through pre-packed celite filter, and the filtrate was washed with water and, 50% aqueous citric acid, and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EA in hexanes from 0% to 30%) to give 30-16 (374 mg, 90%).

To a solution of 30-16 (374 mg, 0.37 mmol) in anhydrous THF (4 mL) was added 1.0 M solution of TBAF (0.74 mL, 0.74 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with silica gel, and filtered. The solvents were evaporated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel column (EA in hexanes from 0% to 50%) to give 30-17 (265 mg).

To a stirred solution of 30-17 (187.5 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2.5 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (136 μL, 1.66 mmol) at 0-5° C. (ice/water bath) followed by solution of phenyl (cyclohexanoxy-L-alaninyl) phosphorochloridate (214 mg, 0.62 mmol, dissolved in 0.5 mL of CH₃CN). The solution was stirred at RT for 3 h, and then diluted with EA followed by the addition of water (15 mL). The solution was washed with H₂O, 50% aqueous citric acid solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified on silica gel with 0 to 40% EA/hexanes to give (single isomers) of 30-18 (108 mg) Elution of the latter fraction gave (single isomers) of 30-19 (120 mg) as glassy solid.

Compound 30-18 (108 mg, 0.089 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (67 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath). The mixture was stirred at RT for 40 mins, and anhydrous EtOH (200 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, was purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, followed by lyophilization to give compound 30 (26.6 mg) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.17 (m, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (t, J=25.2 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.42 (m, 6H), 3.92 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.51 (m, 5H), 1.45-1.25 (m, 12H); ³¹P NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ4.04 (s); ESI-LCMS: m/z=665.2 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 31 (44.4 mg, single isomer) was obtained according to the procedure described for compound 30 using 30-19. ESI-LCMS: m/z=665.15 [M+H]⁺.

Example 24 Compound 32

To a solution of 3-hydroxypropanenitrile (27 g, 0.15 mol) in THF (150 mL) was added NaH (8.4 g, 0.21 mol) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. at RT. Compound 10-3 (27 g, 0.03 mol) in THF (100 mL) was treated with this mixture at 0° C. The combined mixture was stirred for 6 h. at RT. The reaction was quenched with H₂O, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 32-1 (9.38 g, 55%).

To a solution of 32-1 (1 g, 1.76 mmol) and TsOH (1 g, 5.28 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) and acetone (8 mL) was added 2,2-dimethoxypropane (1.8 g, 17.6 mmol) at RT. The mixture was heated to 50° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with H₂O (50 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 32-2 (520 mg, 87%).

To a stirred solution of 32-2 (10.0 g, 29.6 mmol) in pyridine (100 mL) was added TBSCl (53.4 g, 35.6 mmol) at RT, and the mixture was stirred for 5 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The crude product was co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. To a solution of anhydrous crude product (2.0 g, 4.43 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was added DMTrCl (2.24 g, 6.65 mmol), 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (1.07 g, 8.86 mmol) and AgNO₃ (1.5 g, 8.86 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was washed with 0.5 N HCl solution. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give the crude yellow solid. The crude yellow solid (7.2 g, 10 mmol) was treated with a solution of NH₄F (7.2 g, 200 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL), and the mixture was heated to 50° C. for 8 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 32-3 (4.8 g, 80%).

To a solution of 32-3 (200 mg, 0.33 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TFA.Py (40 mg, 0.328 mmol), DMSO (0.15 mL), and DCC (191 mg, 0.99 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 6 h, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give the product. To a solution of the product (0.2 g, 0.328 mmol) and HCHO (0.2 mL) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was added NaOH (0.4 mL, 2 M) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 5 h. The mixture was then treated with NaBH₄ (24 mg, 0.66 mmol), and stirred for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (20 mL), and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 32-4 (125 mg, 60%).

To a solution of 32-4 (4 g, 6.25 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was added pyridine (10 mL) and BzCl (920 mg, 15.6 mmol) at −78° C. The mixture was slowly warmed up to RT. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was quenched with H₂O (40 mL), and extracted with DCM (3×50 mL). The organic layer was washed brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 32-5 (3.25 g, 70%).

To a solution of 32-5 (5.75 g, 7.7 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added DMTrCl (3.58 g, 11.1 mmol), 2,4,6-trimethyl-pyridine (1.87 g, 15.4 mmol) and AgNO₃ (2.63 g, 15.4 mmol), and stirred for 3 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was washed with 0.5 N HCl solution. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 32-6 (6.25 g, 80%).

To a solution of 32-6 (4.3 g, 4.23 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) was added NaOMe (0.82 g, 12.6 mmol) at RT, and stirred for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (30 mL), and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 32-7 (2.89 g, 75%).

To a solution of 32-7 (0.5 g, 0.54 mmol) and pyridine (0.478 g, 5.4 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was slowly added a solution of Tf₂O (0.201 g, 0.713 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at −35° C. The mixture was warmed up to −5° C. slowly. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with DCM (3×20 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give the product. To a solution of the product was added TBAF in THF (25 mL, 1N), and the mixture was stirred for 5 h at RT. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 32-8 (221 mg, 45%). ESI-MS: m/z 914.4 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 32-8 (2.14 g) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (10 mL) and was at RT overnight. The solvent was evaporated to dryness, and the residue crystallized from methanol twice. The crystals were dissolved in a mixture of THF and 36% HCl 4:1 v/v and left overnight. The solvent was evaporated, and the nucleoside was isolated by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 60% with 0.1% HCOOH was used for elution. Compound 32 was obtained (370 mg, 48%). MS: m/z 316.2 [M−1].

Example 25 Compound 17

A solution of 17-1 (25 mg, 0.04 mmol) in 80% aq. HCOOH was kept at RT for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated and coevaporated with toluene. The crude residue was purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) to yield 17-2 (8 mg, 54%).

A mixture of 17-2 (8 mg, 0.02 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.4 mL) was stirred with NMI (15 mL, 8 eq.) and the phosphorochloridate reagent overnight at RT. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl, diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic layer was separated, washed with aq. NaHCO₃, water and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The residue was purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) to yield compound 17 (9 mg, 66%). MS: m/z=683 [M+1].

Example 26 Compound 35

To a stirred solution of 32-2 (5.0 g, 14.83 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (50 mL) was added TBSCl (3.33 g, 22.24 mmol) at RT under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 35-1 (5.69 g, 85.1%).

To a solution of PPh₃ (2.76 g, 10.6 mmol) and DIAD (2.15 g, 10.6 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) was added EtOH (0.49 g, 10.6 mmol) at RT. After stirring for 30 mins, a solution of 35-1 (2.4 g, 5.3 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added. The solution was stirred overnight at RT. After the reaction was complete, the reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The solution was extracted with EA (3×40 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 35-2 (2 g, 78.4%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 35-2 (8 g, 16.9 mmol) in dichloride methane (60 mL) was added AgNO₃ (5.67 g, 33.4 mmol), collidine (4.03 g, 33.4 mmol) and MMTrCl (7.7 g, 25 mmol) in small portions under N₂ at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After completion, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 35-3 (10 g, 80%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 35-3 (10 g, 13.3 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was added NH₄F (10 g, 270 mmol), and heated to reflux overnight. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (50% PE in EA) to give 35-4 as a white solid (5 g, 59%).

To a solution of 35-4 (4 g, 6.27 mmol) and DCC (3.65 g, 18.8 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (40 mL) was added TFA.Py (1.21 g, 6.27 mmol) at RT under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL), and diluted with EA (200 mL). After filtration, the filter was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue (4 g, 6.27 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (40 mL), and 37% formaldehyde (4 mL) followed by addition of 2N NaOH solution (8 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 30° C. overnight. NaBH₄ (0.7 g, 18.9 mmol) was added in portions at 5° C., and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with water, and the mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 35-5 (2.5 g, 60%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 35-5 (2.29 g, 3.43 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) and DCM (20 mL) was added BzCl (0.53 g, 3.77 mmol) at −78° C., and stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was quenched with water, and extracted with DCM (3×40 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give the 35-6 (1.62 mg, 62%).

To a solution of 35-6 (1.62 g, 2.1 mmol) in dichloride methane (20 mL) was added AgNO₃ (714 mg, 4.2 mmol), collidine (508 mg, 4.2 mmol) and MMTrCl (970 mg, 3.2 mmol) in small portions under N₂ at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After filtration, the filter was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 35-7 (2 g, 91.3%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 35-7 (2.1 g, 2 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added NaOMe (220 mg, 4 mmol) at RT and stirred for 1 h. After all starting material disappeared as indicated by TLC, the reaction was quenched with dry ice, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give 35-8 (1.3 g, 69%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 35-8 (1.3 g, 1.38 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (15 mL) and pyridine (1 mL) was added dropwise Tf₂O (585 mg, 2.07 mmol) at −20° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h, and diluted with DCM (150 mL). The solution was washed successively with water and brine. The organic solution was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue (1.48 g) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (15 mL), and treated with TBAF (3 mL, 1M in THF) at RT. The mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃, and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 35-9 (1.25 g, 96%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 942.4 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 35-9 (0.55 g, 0.58 mmol) was added into ice cooled 80% aq. TFA (5 mL) and kept overnight at 5° C. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 5° C. Thick oily residue was coevaporated several times with toluene and purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-15% gradient) to yield compound 35 (75 mg, 36%). MS: m/z=358 [M+1].

Example 27 Compound 36

Compound 36 (8 mg, 10%) was prepared from compound 15 (48 mg) in acetonitrile (1.5 mL) with the phosphorochloridate reagent (0.14 g) and NMI (0.17 mL) in the same manner as compound 7. Purification was done by RP-HPLC (30-100% B, A: 50 mM TEAA in water, B: 50 mM TEAA in MeCN). MS: m/z=665 [M−1].

Example 28 Compound 38

To a solution of 38-1 (17 g, 65.9 mmol) and 2,2-dimethoxypropane (34.27 g, 329.5 mmol, 5 eq.) in acetone (200 mL) was added p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (11.89 g, 62.6 mmol, 0.95 eq.). The =mixture was allowed to stir overnight at RT. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The mixture was filtered, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The filtrate was concentrated to give 38-2 (19 g, 97%).

To a solution of 38-2 (6 g, 20.1 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (80 mL) was added IBX (7.05 g, 25.2 mmol, 1.25 eq.) at RT. The mixture was refluxed for 1 h., and cooled to 0° C. The precipitate was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude 38-3 (6 g 100%) as a yellow solid.

Compound 38-3 (6 g 20.1 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (60 mL). 37% HCHO (6 mL, 69 mol) and 2M NaOH aqueous solution (12 mL, 24 mmol, 1.2 eq.) were added at 10° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and neutralized with AcOH to pH=7. The mixture was treated with NaBH₄ (1.53 g, 40.2 mmol, 2 eq.) at 10° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins, and then quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl. The mixture was extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on silica gel column (1-3% MeOH in DCM) to give 38-4 (3.5 g, 53%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 38-4 (3.5 g, 10.7 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (60 mL) was added DMTrCl (3.6 g, 10.7 mmol, 1 eq.) in anhydrous DCM (8 mL) dropwise at −30° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The solution was treated with MeOH, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0.5-2% MeOH in DCM) to give 38-5 (3 g, 45%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 38-5 (2.5 g, 4 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added AgNO₃ (0.816 g, 4.8 mmol, 1.2 eq.), imidazole (0.54 g, 8 mmol, 2 eq.) and TBDPSCl (1.18 g, 4.8 mmol, 1.2 eq.) under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at RT for 14 h. The precipitate removed via filtration, and the filtrate was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give crude 38-6 (3.4 g, 100%) as a yellow solid.

Compound 38-6 (4 g, 4.6 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HOAc aqueous solution (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The solution was treated with MeOH, and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (1-2% MeOH in DCM) to give 38-7 (1.2 g, 45%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 38-7 (1 g, 1.77 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (15 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane reagent (1.12 g, 2.65 mmol, 1.5 eq.) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at RT for 2.5 h. The solution was quenched by addition of 4% Na₂S₂O₃ and washed with 4% sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (50 mL). The mixture was stirred for another 15 mins. The organic layer was washed with brine, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EtOAc in hexane) to give 38-8 (0.7 g, 70%) as a white solid.

To a solution of methyltriphenylphosphonium chloride (2.95 g, 8.51 mmol, 4 eq.) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added n-BuLi (3.2 mL, 8.1 mmol, 3.8 eq.) dropwise at −70° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. A solution of 38-8 (1.2 g, 2.13 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was stirred 0° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EtOAc in hexane) to give 38-9 (0.9 g, 75%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 38-9 (0.85 g, 1.43 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) was added n-BuLi (5.7 mL, 14.3 mmol, 10 eq.) at −70° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at −70° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EtOAc in hexane) to give 38-10 (0.4 g, 50%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 38-10 (0.4 g, 0.714 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (30 mL) were added TPSCl (0.433 g, 1.43 mmol, 2 eq.), DMAP (0.174 g, 1.43 mmol, 2 eq.) and TEA (1.5 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. NH₄OH (3 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (150 mL), and washed with water, 0.1 M HCl and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (2% MeOH in DCM) to give 38-11 (0.2 g, 50%) as a yellow solid.

Compound 38-11 (1.35 g, 1.5 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HOAc aqueous solution (40 mL). The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h and concentrated to dryness. The crude was purified on silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give compound 38 (180 mg, 35%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 282.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 29 Compound 39

To a solution of cyclopentanone (6.0 g, 71 mmol) in MeOH (60 mL) was added TsOH.H₂O (1.35 g, 7.1 mmol) and trimethoxymethane (8 mL) at RT. The solution was stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with NaOMe, and the mixture was extracted with hexane (30 mL). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give crude 1,1-dimethoxycyclopentane (9.2 g), which was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (50 mL). To the above solution was added 38-1 (5.0 g, 19.38 mmol) and TsOH.H₂O (0.36 g, 1.9 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with TEA and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (1% MeOH in DCM) to give 39-1 (4.77 g, 76%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 39-1 (4.77 g, 14.73 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was added DMP (6.56 g, 15.6 mmol) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at RT for 10 h and concentrated to dryness. The residue was suspended in PE (30 mL) and DCM (5 mL), and the solid was precipitated. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated to give the crude 39-2 (4.78 g, 100%) as a foam.

Crude 39-2 (4.77 g, 14.73 mmol) was re-dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (50 mL). To the solution was added CH₂O aq. (37%, 3.6 mL) and NaOH aq. (2M, 11.3 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The mixture was treated with NaBH₄ (1.48 g, 40 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred for 0.5 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and the mixture was extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on silica gel column (40% EA in PE) to give 39-3 (2.6 g, 49.9%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 39-3 (5.0 g, 14.1 mmol) in pyridine (5.6 g, 71 mmol) and DCM (100 mL) was added Tf₂O (8.7 g, 31.2 mmol) dropwise at −35° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C. slowly and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with 0.5M aq. HCl and the DCM layer was separated. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness. The crude was purified on silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 39-4 (4.5 g, 52%).

39-4 (4.5 g, 7.28 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (50 mL) at 0° C. The solution was treated with NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.32 g, 8 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in portions, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 8 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give the crude product used directly for next step. To a solution of the crude product (2.0 g, 3.6 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was added LiCl (4.0 g, 13 mmol). The reaction was allowed to proceed overnight. Aqueous NaOH (1N, ˜2 eq.) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was partitioned between sat. NH₄Cl solution and EA. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the crude was purified on silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 39-6 (0.6 g, 46%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 395.0 [M+Na]⁺.

Compound 39-6 (3.0 g, 8.06 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (30 mL). To a solution of 39-6 (3.0 g, 8.06 mmol), DMAP (98 mg, 0.80 mmol) and TEA (2.3 mL, 2 eq.) in DCM (30 mL) was added Bz₂O (1.82 g, 8.06 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with 1.0 M HCl and extracted with DCM. The DCM layer was dried over high vacuum pump to give crude 39-7 (3.3 g, 80.9%).

To a solution of 39-7 (400 mg, 0.84 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (3 mL) was added TPSCl (507 mg, 1.68 mmol), TEA (169 mg, 1.68 mmol) and DMAP (207 mg, 1.68 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. at RT. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. Ammonium solution (3.0 mL) was added at RT, and the solution was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was washed with 1.0 M HCl solution and extracted with DCM. The DCM layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness. The crude was purified by column chromatography to provide 39-8 (250 mg, 63%).

Compound 39-8 (250 mg, 0.53 mmol) in 80% formic acid (3 mL) was stirred at RT for 3 h. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. The mixture was concentrated at a low pressure. The crude was purified by column chromatography to give 39-9 (130 mg, 66%).

Compound 39-9 (270 mg, 0.73 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH/NH₃ (10 mL), and the solution was stirred for 6 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The crude product was washed with DCM, and the solution was lyophilized to give compound 39 (118 mg, 52%). ESI-MS: m/z 328.3 [M+H+Na]⁺.

Example 30 Compound 40

Compound 40-1 (3.0 g, 8.42 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (30 mL). To a solution of 40-1 (3.0 g, 8.42 mmol), DMAP (103 mg, 0.84 mmol) and TEA (2.5 mL, 2 eq.) in DCM (30 mL) was added Bz₂O (2.01 g, 8.42 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred for 3 h. The solution was quenched with 1.0 M HCl and extracted with DCM. The DCM layer was dried over high vacuum pump to give crude 40-2 (3.3 g, 85%).

To a solution of 40-2 (200 mg, 0.43 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2 mL) was added TPSCl (260 mg, 0.86 mmol), TEA (95 mg, 0.94 mmol) and DMAP (106.4 mg, 0.86 mmol), and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. Ammonium solution (1.33 mL) was added at RT, and left to stir for 2 h. The mixture was washed with 1.0 M HCl solution, and extracted with DCM. The DCM layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to provide 40-3 (150 mg, 75%).

Compound 40-3 (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) in 80% formic acid (2 mL) was stirred at RT for 3 h. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 40-4 (50 mg, 58%).

Compound 40-4 (270 mg, 0.68 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH/NH₃ (10 mL), and the resulting solution was stirred for 6 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The crude product was washed with DCM, and the solution was lyophilized to give compound 40 (105 mg, 53.8%). ESI-MS: m/z 290.4 [M+H]⁺.

Example 31 Compound 41

Compound 41-1 (3.0 g, 8.87 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (30 mL). To a solution of 41-1 (3.0 g, 8.87 mmol), DMAP (108 mg, 0.88 mmol) and TEA (2.5 mL, 2 eq.) in DCM (30 mL) was added Bz₂O (2.01 g, 8.87 mmol) at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with 1.0 M HCl solution, and extracted with DCM. The DCM layer was dried over high vacuum pump to give crude 41-2 (3.5 g, 85%) as a solid.

To a solution of 41-2 (200 mg, 0.45 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2 mL) was added TPSCl (260 mg, 0.90 mmol), TEA (99 mg, 0.99 mmol) and DMAP (106.4 mg, 0.90 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. An ammonium solution (1.33 mL) was added at RT, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was washed with 1.0 M HCl solution, and extracted with DCM. The DCM layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography to provide 41-3 (150 mg, 75%).

Compound 41-3 (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) in 80% formic acid (2 mL) was stirred at RT for 3 h. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. The mixture was concentrated at a low pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography to give 41-4 (50 mg, 58%).

Compound 41-4 (270 mg, 0.72 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH/NH₃ (10 mL), and the solution was stirred for 6 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The crude product was washed with DCM, and the solution was lyophilized to give compound 41 (105 mg, 53.8%). ESI-MS: m/z 675.4 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 32 Compound 42

To a solution of 42-1 (600 mg, 1.29 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (4 mL) was added DMAP (315 mg, 2.59 mmol), TEA (391 mg, 3.87 mmol) and TPSCl (782 mg, 2.58 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 3 h. under N₂. A solution of NH₃ in THF (2 mL) was added, and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to provide 42-2 (370 mg, 62%) as a white foam solid.

Compound 42-2 (370 mg, 1.48 mmol) in methanolic ammonium was stirred at RT for 4 h. The solution was concentrated to dryness to give compound 42 (200 mg, 91%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 275.9 [M+H]⁺.

Example 33 Compound 43

To a solution of triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.6 mmol, prepared from bis(POC)phosphate (0.2 g) and Et₃N (83 μL)) in THF was added 43-1 (74 mg, 0.2 mmol). The mixture evaporated and rendered anhydrous by co-evaporating with pyridine follow by toluene. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2 mL). Diisopropylethylamine (0.35 mL; 10 eq.) was added, followed by BOP-Cl (0.25 g; 5 eq.) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (0.11 g; 5 eq.). The mixture was stirred at RT for 90 mins, diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) to yield 50 mg (37%) of give 43-2.

A solution of 43-2 (40 mg; 0.06 mmol) in 80% aq. HCOOH was heated at 45° C. for 8 h. The mixture was evaporated, co-evaporated with toluene and purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) to yield compound 43 (35 mg, 91%). MS: m/z=619 [M+1].

Example 34 Compound 44

Compound 44-2 was prepared from 40-1 following a similar procedure for the preparation of 43-2. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with hexanes/EtOAc (35-100% gradient) to yield 44-2 (0.45 g, 75%).

A solution of 44-2 (0.40 g; 0.6 mmol) in 80% aq. HCOOH (15 mL) was heated at 45° C. for 8 h. The mixture was evaporated, co-evaporated with toluene and purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) to yield compound 44 (0.27 g, 75%). MS: m/z=603 [M+1].

Example 35 Compound 45

To a solution of 45-1 (3.0 g, 4.7 mmol) in CH₃CN/pyridine (15 mL/20 mL) was added BzCl (0.67 g, 4.7 mmol) at 0° C. slowly. The mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with DCM. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 2% to 50%) to afford 45-2 (2.6 g, 72%) as a solid.

To a solution of 45-2 (1.0 g, 1.35 mmol) in pyridine (8 mL) was added DMTrCl (0.64 g, 1.9 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 20-35° C. overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS and TLC. The reaction was quenched with MeOH, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 45-3 (1.5 g), which was used without further purification.

To a solution of 45-3 (1.5 g, 1.35 mmol) in MeOH/THF (1/1, 10 mL) was added NaOMe (0.11 g, 2.0 mmol), and stirred at 40° C. for 3 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC. The reaction was quenched with dry ice, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM (100 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 2% to 50%) to provide 45-4 (1.0 g, 79%).

To a solution of 45-4 (950 mg, 1.02 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added pyridine (241 mg, 3.05 mmol) and Tf₂O (344 mg, 1.22 mmol) at 0° C. slowly. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC and LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with DCM (3×60 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give crude 45-5 (1.08 g, 1.02 mmol), which was used without further purification.

To a solution of 45-5 (1.08 g, 1.02 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added TBAF (0.8 g, 3 mmol), and stirred at 30-40° C. for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The solution was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EA in PE from 2% to 50%) to afford 45-6 (0.62 g, 65%).

A mixture of 45-6 (0.55 g, 0.59 mmol) in TFA (90%, 5 mL) was stirred at 50-60° C. for 16 h. The mixture was treated with MeOH, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to afford compound 45 (60 mg, 31%). ESI-MS: m/z 324.0 [M+H]⁺.

Example 36 Compound 46

To a solution of triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.33 mmol, prepared from 110 mg of bis(POC)phosphate and 46 μL of Et₃N) in THF was added 46-1 (91 mg, 0.11 mmol). The mixture evaporated and rendered anhydrous by co-evaporating with pyridine follow by toluene. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (1.5 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. Diisopropylethylamine (0.19 mL, 10 eq.) was added, followed by BOP-Cl (0.14 g, 5 eq.), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (63 mg, 5 eq.). The mixture was stirred 0° C. for 90 mins, diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃, brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH solvent system (2-10% gradient) to obtain 46-2 (13 mg, 10%) and 46-3 (95 mg, 58%).

A solution of 46-2 and 46-3 (13 mg and 95 mg, respectively) in 80% aq. HCOOH (3 mL) was stirred at RT for 3 h, then evaporated and co-evaporated with toluene. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) to obtain compound 46 in (42 mg, 94%) yield. MS: m/z=628 [M+1].

Example 37 Compound 47

Compound 47-1 (320 mg, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of CH₃COOH/THF/H₂O (4/2/1) (7 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h. The solution was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give compound 47 (38 mg, 31%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 296.9 [M+H+Na]⁺.

Example 38 Compound 48

To a stirred solution of 48-1 (30.0 g, 116 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (240 mL) was added TIPDSCl (54.98 g, 174 mmol) in portions at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was diluted with EA, and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (50% EA in PE) to give 48-2 (58 g, 99%).

To a stirred solution of 48-2 (20.0 g, 40 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) at 0° C. was added DHP (33.6 g, 400 mmol) and TFA (6.84 g, 60 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The solution was adjusted to pH=8 by addition of 2 N NaOH solution. The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃, and extracted with DCM (100 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 48-3 (16 g, 68%).

To a solution of 48-3 (41 g, 70 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (400 mL) was added NH₄F (51.88 g, 140 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 1 h, and then concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (10% MeOH in DCM) to give 48-4 (23.1 g, 96%)

To a stirred solution of 48-4 (23.1 g, 67.54 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added imidazole (6.89 g, 101.32 mmol) and TBSCl (10.92 g, 74.29 mmol) in portions at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The solution was quenched with water, and concentrated to dryness. The residue was diluted with EA, and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column to give 48-5 (23 g, 74%).

To a solution of 48-5 (27.56 g, 60.44 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (560 mL) was added DMAP (18.43 g, 151.1 mol) and PhOCSCl (14.55 g, 84.61 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight, and the reaction was quenched with water. The mixture was extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 30% EA in PE to provide 48-6 (23 g, 64%).

To a solution of 48-6 (14.5 g, 24.5 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (700 mL) was added AIBN (1.21 g, 7.3 mmol) and Bu₃SnH (10.73 g, 36.74 mmol) in toluene (10 mL). N₂ was bubbled into the solution for 30 mins. The mixture was warmed to 135° C. for 2 h. Saturated aqueous CsF was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (150 mL), and washed successively with water, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was removed at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to provide 48-7 (10.5 g, 97%).

To a solution of 48-7 (21 g, 47.73 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (200 mL) was added NH₄F (35.32 g, 950 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 1 h and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (20% MeOH in DCM) to give 48-8 (14 g, 90%).

TFA.Py (2.37 g, 12.27 mmol) was added to a mixture of 48-8 (4 g, 12.27 mmol) and DCC (7.58 g, 36.81 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (40 mL) at RT under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. 37% formaldehyde (10 mL, 115 mmol) was added at RT, and stirred for 15 mins, followed by treatment with 2N NaOH (20 mL, 40 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. overnight and neutralized with AcOH to pH=7. NaBH₄ (1.87 g, 49.08 mmol) was added in portions at 5° C., and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 48-9 (2 g, 46%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 48-9 (2 g, 5.62 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (8 mL) was added pyridine (10 mL) and BzCl (0.79 g, 5.62 mmol) in a solution of DCM (2 mL) at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was diluted with EA (50 mL), and washed successively with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (3% MeOH in DCM) to provide 48-10 (1.6 g, 62%)

To a solution of 48-10 (1.6 g, 3.48 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (16 mL) was added MMTrCl (1.61 g, 5.22 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with EA (50 mL) and washed successively with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at a low pressure to give crude 48-11 (2.55 g, 100%), which used without further purification.

To a solution of 48-11 (2.55 g, 3.48 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (50 mL) was added NaOCH₃ (0.28 g, 5.23 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 2 h, bubbled to pH=7 by using dry ice and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (2% MeOH in DCM) to give 48-12 (0.93 g, 42%).

To a solution of 48-12 (0.93 g, 1.48 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added pyridine (1.17 g, 14.8 mmol) at −30° C. Tf₂O (0.63 g, 2.22 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at −30° C.-0° C. for 20 mins and at 0° C. for 10 mins. The reaction was quenched with water, and the mixture was extracted with DCM (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to provide crude 48-13 (1.13 g, 100%), which was used without further purification.

To a solution of 48-13 (1.13 g, 1.48 mmol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added TBAF (3.86 g, 14.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (3% MeOH in DCM) to give 47-1 (0.42 g, 45%).

To a solution of 47-1 (50 mg, 0.079 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (1 mL) was added TPSCl (48.07 mg, 0.16 mmol), DMAP (19.36 mg, 0.16 mmol) and NEt₃ (0.2 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. 28% aqueous ammonia (0.4 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (150 mL), and washed successively with water, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 48-14 (40 mg, 80%).

Compound 48-14 (320 mg, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (6 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give compound 48 (43 mg, 31%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 273.9 [M+H]⁺, 547.1 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 39 Compound 49

To a solution of 49-1 (20.0 g, 70.2 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added imidazole (19.1 g, 280 mmol) and TBSCl (42.1 g, 281 mmol) at 25° C. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 15 h, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness to give the TBS protected derivative (36.4 g, 99%). The TBS protected derivative (36.5 g, 71.1 mmol) was dissolved in THF (150 mL). H₂O (100 mL), and then AcOH (300 mL) were added. The solution was stirred at 80° C. for 13 h. The reaction was cooled to RT, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to give 49-2 (31.2 g, 61%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 49-2 (31.2 g, 78.2 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (300 mL) was added Ac₂O (11.9 g, 117.3 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 18 h. MMTrCl (72.3 g, 234.6 mmol) and AgNO₃ (39.9 g, 234.6 mmol) were added, and the solution was stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. H₂O was added to quench the reaction and the solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel (DCM:MeOH=200:1 to 50:1) to give the MMTr protected amine derivative (35.2 g, 63%). The MMTr protected amine derivative (35.2 g, 49.3 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (300 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 20 h. The solution was evaporated to dryness, and purified by a silica gel column (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 50:1) to give 49-3 as a yellow solid (28.6 g, 87%).

To a solution of 49-3 (12.0 g, 17.9 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (11.3 g, 26.8 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h, and then at RT for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with a saturated NaHCO₃ and Na₂S₂O₃ solution. The organic layer was washed with brine (2×) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was evaporated to give the aldehyde (12.6 g), which was used directly in the next step. To a solution of the aldehyde (12.6 g, 18.0 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (120 mL) was added 37% HCHO (11.6 g, 144 mmol) and 2N NaOH aqueous solution (13.5 mL, 27 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. overnight. EtOH (60 mL) and NaBH₄ (10.9 g, 288 mmol) were added, and the reaction was stirred for 30 mins. The mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl, and then extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=200:1 to 50:1) to give 49-4 (7.5 g, 59%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 49-4 (3.8 g, 5.4 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was added pyridine (10 mL) and DMTrCl (1.8 g, 5.4 mmol) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. MeOH (15 mL) was added, and the solution was concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=200:1 to 50:1) to give the MMTr protected derivative (3.6 g, 66%) as a yellow solid. To a solution of the MMTr protected derivative (3.6 g, 3.6 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (30 mL) was added TBDPSCl (2.96 g, 10.8 mmol) and AgNO₃ (1.84 g, 10.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. The mixture was filtered and concentrated. The mixture was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=200:1 to 50:1) to give the TBDPS protected derivative (3.8 g, 85.1%) as a solid. To a solution of the TBDPS protected derivative (3.6 g, 2.9 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was added Cl₂CHCOOH (1.8 mL) in anhydrous DCM (18 mL). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. Cl₂CHCOOH (3.6 mL) was added at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 30 mins. The mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=200:1 to 50:1) to give 49-5 (2.2 g, 80%).

To an ice cooled solution of 49-5 (800 mg, 0.85 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added pyridine (336 mg, 4.25 mmol) and Tf₂O (360 mg, 1.28 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 mins. The reaction was quenched by ice water and stirred for 30 mins. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was evaporated to give the crude bis(triflate) derivative. To the bis(triflate) derivative (790 mg, 0.73 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (35 mL) was added LiCl (302 mg, 7.19 mmol). The mixture was heated to 40° C. and stirred overnight. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS. The solution was washed with brine and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=100:1) to give 49-6 (430 mg, 61%).

To 49-6 (470 mg, 0.49 mmol) in MeOH (85 mL) was added NH₄F (8.1 g, 5.92 mmol), and the solution was heated to reflux overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (DCM/MeOH=20:1) to give the diol (250 mg, 84%) as a white solid. The diol (130 mg, 0.21 mmol) in formic acid (5 mL) was stirred at 25° C. overnight. The solution was concentration to dryness, and the residue in MeOH (30 mL) was stirred at 70° C. overnight. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS and HPLC. The solvent was removed, and the crude product was washed with EtOAc to give compound 49 (58 mg, 81%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 333.8 [M+H]⁺, 666.6 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 40 Compound 50

Compound 50-1 (5.0 g, 8.5 mmol) and 6-chloropurine (3.0 g, 17.7 mmol) were co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times. To a stirred suspension of 50-1 and 6-chloropurine in anhydrous MeCN (50 mL) was added DBU (7.5 g, 49 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 mins, and TMSOTf (15 g, 67.6 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 mins until a clear solution formed. The mixture was heated to 70° C., and stirred overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was cooled to RT, and diluted with EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 6% to 50%) to afford 50-2 (2.5 g, 46.3%) as a white foam.

Compound 50-2 (3.0 g, 4.8 mmol) was treated with NH₃ in MeOH (8 N, 20 mL) in autoclave at 40-60° C. for 12 h. The mixture was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified on silica gel column (MeOH in EA from 0 to 10%) to give 50-3 (1.0 g, 71%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 50-3 (4.3 g, 14.8 mmol) in acetone/DMF (4/1, 40 mL) was added TsOH.H₂O (8.4 g, 0.044 mol) and 2,2-dimethoxypropane (30 g, 0.296 mol), and the mixture stirred at 60-70° C. for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 50% to 100%) to give 50-4 (5.0 g, 83%).

To a solution of 50-4 (10.5 g, 31.7 mmol) in pyridine (50 mL) was added TBSCl (5.3 g, 34.9 mmol), and the mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. The solvent was removed at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in DCM (100 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to provide 50-5 (8.4 g, 60%), which used without further purification.

Compound 50-5 (8.4 g, 18.8 mmol) was co-evaporated with pyridine. To a stirred solution of 50-5 (8.4 g, 18.8 mmol) in pyridine (35 mL) was added MMTrCl (8.1 g, 26.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30-40° C. for 12 h under N₂. The mixture was concentrated at a low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in DCM (150 mL). The solution was washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 10% to 20%) to provide 50-6 (10.8 g, 80%) as a solid

To a solution of 50-6 (11.5 g, 0.016 mol) in THF (100 mL) was added TBAF (4.62 g, 0.018 mol) at RT, and the mixture stirred for 4 h. The solvent was evaporated at low pressure, and the mixture was dissolved in DCM (150 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 50% to 100%) to afford 50-7 (8.8 g, 91%). ESI-MS: m/z 604.4 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 50-7 (4.4 g, 7.3 mmol) in dioxane (50 mL) was added DCC (4.5 g, 21.9 mmol), DMSO (2.5 mL), TFA.Py (1.48 g, 7.65 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was slowly warm to RT and stirred for 4 h. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column to give 50-8 (4.4 g, 7.3 mmol), which was used without further purification.

To a solution of 50-8 in dioxane (40 mL) was added water (20 mL), HCHO (37%, 7 mL) and NaOH (1N, 15 mL). The solution was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was treated with NaBH₄ (1.1 g, 29.2 mmol) slowly, and stirred for 30 mins. The mixture was adjusted to pH=7-8 by slow addition of HCl (1M) solution, and extracted with EA (150 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column to give 45-1 (3.0 g, 65%). ESI-MS: m/z 633.9 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 45-1 (1.5 g, 2.37 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (30 mL) was added DMTrCl (3.6 g, 10.7 mmol) at −30° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The solution was quenched with MeOH, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 50-9 (3 g, 45%) as a yellow solid

To a solution of 50-9 (1.1 g, 1.18 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) was added imidazole (0.24 g, 3.53 mmol) and TBSCl (0.35 g, 2.35 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solvent was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to afford 50-10 (0.83 g, 67%)

To a solution of 50-10 (1.1 g, 1.05 mmol) in DCM (12 mL) was added Cl₂CHCOOH (0.5 mL) at −70° C., and stirred for 1 h. The solution was treated with Cl₂CHCOOH (1 mL) in DCM (10 mL) at −70° C., and the mixture was stirred at −70˜−10° C. for 20 mins. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with DCM (3×40 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 15% to 30%) to afford 50-11 (0.58 g, 74%).

To a solution of 50-11 (200 mg, 0.268 mmol) and pyridine (53 mg, 0.67 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (5 mL) was added Tf₂O (90 mg, 0.32 mmol) at −30° C. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, and slowly warmed to RT. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. Crude 50-12 (200 mg, 0.27 mmol) was used without further purification.

To a solution of 50-12 (200 mg, 0.27 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added LiCl (45 mg, 1.07 mmol), and stirred at 30-40° C. for 12 h. The solvent was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in DCM (10 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. Crude 50-13 was used without further purification.

A mixture of 50-13 (245 mg, 0.32 mmol) and TBAF (200 mg, 0.7 mmol) in THF was stirred at 30° C. for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated at a low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in DCM (15 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (EA in PE from 2% to 50%) to provide 50-14 (150 mg, 72%). ESI-MS: m/z 652.3 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 50-14 (0.2 mmol) was dissolved in 50% TFA (10 mL) in methanol, and the mixture was kept at RT overnight. The solvent was evaporated and co-evaporated with methanol/toluene mixture to remove traces of acid. The residue was dissolved in 20% triethylamine in methanol, kept for 15 mins and evaporated. The product was isolated by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 60% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess buffer. Compound 50 was obtained (45 mg, 67%). MS: m/z 338.0 [M−1].

Example 41 Compound 51

To a solution of 51-1 (12.3 g, 19.9 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added NaH (800 mg, 20 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The mixture was treated with CsF (30.4 g, 200 mmol), and then stirred at RT for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 51-2 (4.1 g, 61%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 51-2 (4.1 g, 12.1 mmol) in THF (120 mL) was added NaOH solution (1N, 13 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The solution was neutralized with 0.5 M HCl aq. to pH ˜7. The mixture was partitioned between EA and water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 51-3 (3.1 g, 72%) as a white solid. ESI-MS:m/z 379.1 [M+Na]⁺.

Compound 51-3 (0.2 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (10 mL), and the mixture was heated at 45° C. for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated and co-evaporated with methanol/toluene mixture to remove traces of acid. The residue was dissolved in 20% triethylamine in methanol, kept for 15 mins and evaporated. Compound 51 (68%) was isolated by silica gel chromatography in gradient of methanol in DCM from 5% to 20%. MS: m/z 289.0 [M−1].

Example 42 Compound 52

A mixture of 52-2 (1.2 g; 4 mmol) and NaI (0.6 g; 4 mmol) in acetone (13 mL) was stirred at RT for 1 h. Compound 52-1 (1 g; 3 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.07 g; 45 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h. The precipitate was filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated. Purification of the residue on silica (25 g column) with hexanes/EtOAc (30-100% gradient) yielded 52-3 as a colorless foam (1.14 g; 64%).

To a solution of triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (2.3 mmol, prepared from of bis(POC)phosphate (0.75 g) and Et₃N (0.32 mL)) in THF was added 52-3 (1.14 g; 1.9 mmol). The mixture evaporated and rendered anhydrous by co-evaporating with pyridine follow by toluene. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (20 mL) and cooled down in an ice-bath. Diisopropylethylamine (1.0 mL; 2 eq.) was added, followed by BOP-Cl (0.72 g; 1.5 eq.) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (0.32 g; 1.5 eq.). The n mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 90 mins, diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The residue was purified on silica (25 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (3-10% gradient) to yield (1.2 g, 70%) of 52-4.

A solution of 52-4 (1.2 g; 1.3 mmol) in 80% aq. HCOOH was stirred at RT for 2 h, and then concentrated. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene and then with MeOH containing small amount of Et₃N (2 drops). Purification on silica (25 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) yielded 52-5 (0.96 g, 85%).

To a solution of 52-5 (0.52 g; 0.57 mmol) in EtOH (25 mL) were added HCl (4 N/dioxane; 0.29 mL, 2 eq.) and 10% Pd/C (25 mg). The mixture was stirred under H₂ (normal pressure) for 1 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a Celite pad, and the filtrate was evaporated to yield compound 52 as its HCl salt (4.2 g; 96%). MS: m/z=732 [M+1].

Example 43 Compound 53

Compound 53-2 (0.20 g, 64%) was prepared in the same manner from 53-1 (0.16 g; 0.49 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.74 mmol) with DIPEA (0.34 mL), BopCl (250 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (112 mg) in THF (5 mL) following the procedure for the preparation of 52-4.

A solution of 53-2 (0.20 g; 0.31 mmol) in 80% aq. HCOOH was stirred at RT for 2 h, and then concentrated. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene and then with MeOH containing small amount of Et₃N (2 drops). Purification on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) was followed by RP-HPLC purification in 5 runs on a Synergi Hydro RP column 250×30 mm (Phenomenex P/N 00G-4375-U0-AX) using H₂O and ACN both 50 mM TEAA. Gradient was 25-75% ACN in 20 mins at 24 mL/mins, 254 nM detection. The product eluted at 16.0 mins. Pure fractions were pooled and lyophilized. TEAA was removed by dissolving the product in DMSO (2 mL) and injecting the product on the same column using only H₂O and ACN. Pure fractions were pooled and lyophilized to produce compound 53 (18 mg). MS: m/z=1197 [2M+1].

Example 44 Compound 54

Chloromethyl chloroformate (112 mmol; 10.0 mL) was added to an ice cooled solution of 2-methoxyethanol (97 mmol; 7.7 mL) in dichloromethane (DMC) (100 mL) followed by pyridine (9.96 mL) at 0° C. After stirring overnight at RT, the mixture was washed twice with 0.5 M HCl, followed by water and aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, evaporated in vacuo and distillation in vacuo to afford 54-2 as a colorless oil (13.0 g).

Compound 54-2 (5.7 g) was added to a solution of sodium iodide (21.07 g) in acetone (45 mL). After 20 stirring at 40° C. for 2.5 h, the mixture was cooled in ice, filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in dichloromethane, washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate and sodium thiosulfate, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give 54-3 as a light yellow oil of 54-3 (8.5 g), which was used without further purification.

A mixture of phosphoric acid (crystal, 2.4 g) and triethylamine (6.6 mL) in benzyl alcohol (13 g; 12.5 mL) was stirred at RT until the phosphoric acid was completely dissolved. Trichloroacetonitrile (17.2 g; 11.94 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 18 h. The solvent and excess trichloroacetonitrile were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in water (about 200 mL), and the aqueous solution washed with ether (3×50 mL). Benzylphosphoric acid (triethylamine salt) was obtained after lyophilization as a yellowish semi-solid (7.15 g). A solution of benzylphosphoric acid (TEA salt, 1.6 g) in MeOH (90 mL) and water (30 mL) was treated with Dowex 50WX2-400 (“153 mL” settled resin) at RT for 18 h. The resin was removed by filtration, and silver carbonate powder (1.25 g) was added to the filtrate. After the suspension was heated at 80° C. for 1 h, all solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness. The solid was used without further purification.

Dry acetonitrile (25 mL) was added to benzylphosphoric acid (silver salt) followed by addition of 54-3 (3.12 g; 12 mmol). The suspension was stirred at RT overnight. After the solid was removed by filtration, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using hexane/ethyl acetate (3:1 v/v) as the eluent to give 54-4 as a colorless liquid (860 mg, 50%).

Compound 54-4 (750 mg; 1.65 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (10 mL). Pd-on-carbon (85 mg) and TEA (1 eq.) were added. The flask was charged with hydrogen gas for 1 h. The catalyst was filtered, and the solvent removed in vacuo to give 54-5 (triethylammonium salt) (510 mg) which was used immediately without further purification.

Compound 54-6 (320 mg; 0.9 mmol) and 54-5 (510 mg, 1.35 mmol; 1.5×) were co-evaporated twice with pyridine and twice with toluene. Compounds 54-5 and 54-6 were dissolved in THF (8 mL) at 0° C. Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) (0.62 mL; 4 eq.), bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl) phosphinic chloride (Bop-Cl) (0.45 g; 2 eq.), nitrotriazole (0.2 g, 2 eq.) were added. The mixture was kept at 0° C. for 2 h and then diluted with EA (50 mL). The mixture was then extracted with sat. sodium bicarbonate (2×50 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvents were removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 10 to 100% gradient of EA in hexane to give purified 54-7 (430 mg, 0.6 mmol).

Purified 54-7 was dissolved in 80% aq. HCOOH (20 mL) and kept at 45° C. for 18 h. After cooling to RT, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue co-evaporated with toluene (3×25 mL). The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 0 to 20% gradient of methanol in DCM to give purified compound 54 (200 mg, 0.3 mmol). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 9.28 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 5.65-5.81 (m, 5H), (d, 2H), 4.76 (dd, 2H), 4.44-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.40 (m, 5H), 4.22 (2H), 4.04 (1H), 3.65 (t, 4H), 3.39 (6H), 1.8 (s, 1H), 1.24 (s, 3H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): δ−4.09 ppm.

Example 45 Compound 55

Compound 55-2 (158 mg, 50%) was prepared from 55-1 (0.21 g; 0.35 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.54 mmol) with DIPEA (0.18 mL), BopCl (178 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (80 mg) in THF (4 mL).

A solution of 55-2 (158 mg) in acetonitrile (1 mL) and HCl (4 N/dioxane; 85 μL) was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with MeOH and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (3-10% gradient) to give compound 55 (85 mg, 76%). MS: m/z=656 [M+1].

Example 46 Compound 56

To a solution of 49-3 (300 mg, 0.4 mmol) and pyridine (80 mg, 1.0 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added Tf₂O (136 mg, 0.48 mol) in a solution of DCM (1 mL) dropwise at −30° C. The mixture was stirred at −30° C. to 0° C. for 20 mins. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with DCM (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated to give crude 56-1 (352.8 mg, 0.4 mmol), which was used without further purification.

To a solution of 56-1 (352.8 mg, 0.4 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added NaI (480 mg, 3.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 10 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with DCM (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-TLC (30% EA in PE) to give 56-2 (270 mg, 31%).

To a solution of 56-2 (600 mg, 0.7 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (30 mL) was added AIBN (34 mg, 0.21 mmol) and Bu₃SnH (307.7 mg, 1.05 mmol) in toluene (10 mL). The mixture was bubbled with N₂ for 30 mins, and heated to 135° C. for 2 h. The mixture was treated with sat. aq. CsF, and then stirred for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 56-3 and a by-product (400 mg, 72%).

A mixture of 56-3 (400 mg, 0.55 mmol) in 90% TFA (10 mL) was stirred at 50° C. for 4 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was treated with MeOH (5 mL), and concentrated under reducing pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give compound 56 (46 mg, 27%). ESI-MS: m/z 306.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 47 Compound 57

Compound 57-2 (120 mg, 72%) was prepared in the same manner from 57-1 (0.11 g; 0.18 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.35 mmol) with DIPEA (0.15 mL), BopCl (114 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (51 mg) in THF (2.5 mL) using the method as described for 52-4 from 52-3.

Compound 57 (14 mg, 77%) was prepared from 57-2 (25 mg) in acetonitrile (0.1 mL) and 4 N HCl/dioxane (8 μL) using the method as described for compound 55. MS: m/z=658 [M+1].

Example 48 Compound 60

To a stirred solution of uracil (21 g, 188 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (200 mL) was added BSA (110.35 g, 541 mmol), and the mixture was refluxed for 2 h. The mixture was then cooled to RT and treated with 60-1 (55 g, 93.2 mmol) and TMSOTf (145 g, 653 mmol). The mixture was refluxed overnight. After the starting material disappeared, the reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica column gel (20% EA in PE) to give 60-2 (38 g, 70%) as a white sold.

Compound 60-2 (35 g, 0.06 mol) was treated with NH₃ in MeOH (7N, 200 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 24 h at RT. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at a low pressure, and the residue was washed with DCM to give 60-3 (13 g, 81%) as a white solid.

To a solution of cyclopentanone (6 g, 8.33 mmol), and trimethoxymethane (8 mL) in MeOH (60 mL) was added TsOH (1.35 g, 7.1 mmol) at RT, and the mixture was stirred 2 h. The resulting was quenched with NaOMe (0.385 g, 7.12 mmol), and extracted with n-hexane (30 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give 1,1-dimethoxycyclopentane. To a solution of 60-3 (30 g, 0.11 mol) and 1,1-dimethoxy cyclopentane (57 g, 0.44 mol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (200 mL) was added TsOH (2.1 g, 0.011 mol), and the mixture was heated to 60° C. overnight. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was washed with MeOH to give 60-4 (30 g, 82%).

To a solution of 60-4 (10 g, 30 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (100 mL) was added IBX (8.4 g, 30 mmol, 1.05 eq.) at RT. The mixture was refluxed for 12 h., and then cooled to 0° C. The precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude 60-5 (10 g, 100%) as a yellow solid.

Crude 60-5 (10 g, 30 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (100 mL). 37% HCHO (10 mL) and 2N NaOH aqueous solution (20 mL) were added at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight, and adjusted to pH=7. The mixture was treated with NaBH₄ (4.44 g, 120 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at RT for 30 mins and then quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl. The mixture was extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-3% MeOH in DCM) to give 60-6 (5.5 g, 50%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 60-6 (5.0 g, 13.8 mmol) and pyridine (5 mL) in DCM (20 mL) was added Tf₂O (8.5 g, 30.3 mmol) dropwise at −70° C. The solution was warmed to 0° C. slowly, stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h, and washed with HCl (0.5 M). The DCM layer was concentrated to dryness at low pressure, and the residue was purified on silica gel column to give 60-7 (4.5 g, 52%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 60-7 (3.0 g, 4.8 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was added TBAF (5.0 g, 19.2 mmol). The reaction was allowed to proceed overnight. The reaction was monitored by HPLC and LCMS. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (1N ˜2 eq.) was added, and the solution was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was partitioned between sat. ammonium chloride solution and EA. The organic layer was separated, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified on silica gel column to give 60-8 (0.8 g, 46%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 367.0 [M+H]⁺, 389.0 [M+Na]⁺.

Compound 60-8 (0.2 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (10 mL), and the mixture was heated at 45° C. for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated and co-evaporated with methanol/toluene mixture to remove traces of acid. The residue was dissolved in 20% triethylamine in methanol, kept for 15 mins and evaporated. Compound 60 (65-68%) was isolated by silica gel chromatography in gradient of methanol in DCM from 5% to 20%. MS: m/z 321.0 [M−1].

Example 49 Compound 63

A mixture of compound 45 (30 mg, 0.09 mmol), PTSA monohydrate (18 mg, 1 eq.), and trimethyl orthoformate (0.3 mL; 30 eq.) in dioxane (1 mL) was stirred 1 d at RT. The reaction was neutralized with NH₃/MeOH and then filtered. The filtrate was dissolved in a mixture of THF (0.5 mL) and 80% aq. AcOH (0.25 mL). The solution kept for 1 h at RT, and then evaporated. The residue was purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-15% gradient) to yield 63-1 (30 mg, 91%).

Compound 63-2 (28 mg, 52%) was prepared in the same manner from 63-1 (30 mg, 0.08 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.12 mmol) with DIPEA (5 μL), BopCl (40 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (18 mg) in THF (1 mL) using the method for preparing 52-4 from 52-3. Purification was done with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient).

Compound 63 (15 mg, 67%) was prepared from 63-2 (24 mg) using the method for preparing 52-5. Purification was done with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient). MS: m/z=636 [M+1].

Example 50 Compound 64

Compound 64-1 (8 mg, 40%) was prepared from compound 50 (17 mg) and trimethylorthoformate (0.15 mL) with PTSA monohydrate (9 mg) in dioxane (0.5 mL) in the same manner as 63-1.

Compound 64-2 (10 mg, 72%) was prepared in the same manner from 64-1 (8 mg, 0.02 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.036 mmol) with DIPEA (14 μL), BopCl (10 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (5 mg) in THF (0.4 mL) in the same manner as 63-2.

Compound 64 (15 mg, 67%) was prepared from 64-2 (24 mg) in the same manner as 63. MS: m/z=652 [M+1].

Example 51 Compound 65

Commercially available chloromethyl methyl carbonate (5.0 g) was treated with NaI to give 65a (5.38 g). Benzylphosphate (silver salt) and 65a were reacted to yield purified 65b (1.5 g) as described for compound 54. ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN): δ 7.39-7.42 (m, 5H), 5.60 (d, 4H), 5.11 (d, 2H), 3.8 (s, 6H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃CN): δ−4.47 ppm. Compound 65b (415 mg; 1.7 mmol) was deprotected to give 65-1 (triethylammonium salt) (510 mg), which was used immediately without further purification. Compound 54-6 (320 mg; 0.9 mmol) and 65-1 (510 mg) were reacted to purified 65-2 (400 mg). Compound 65-2 (230 mg) was deprotected to give purified compound 65 (250 mg). The aforementioned reactions were conducted using a method described in the preparation of compound 54. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 9.00 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 5.93 (s, 1H), 5.81 (d, 1H), 5.66-5.75 (m, 4H), 4.76 (dd, 2H), 4.37-4.46 (m, 2H), 4.15 (d, 2H), 3.86 (t, 6H), 3.70 (d, 6H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 1.25 (s, 3H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): δ−4.13 ppm.

Example 52 Compound 66

Compound 66a was prepared from 1,3-dimethoxypropan-2-ol. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.73 (s, 2H), 5.03-5.06 (m, 1H), 3.59 (d, 4H), 3.38 (s, 6H). Dry ACN (25 mL) was added to benzylphosphate (silver salt) (5 mmol) followed by addition of 66a (3.12 g; 12 mmol). The suspension was heated at 60° C. for 18 h. After the solid was removed by filtration, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using hexane/EA (3:1) as the eluent to provide 66b as a colorless liquid (540 mg, 50%). ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN): δ 7.39-7.42 (m, 5H), 5.61 (d, 4H), 5.10 (d, 2H), 4.97-5.01 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.52 (m, 8H), 3.30 (s, 6H), 3.28 (s, 6H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃CN): δ−4.42 ppm. Compound 66b (540 mg; 1.0 mmol) was deprotected to give 66-1 (triethylammonium salt), which was used immediately without further purification. Compound 54-6 (285 mg; 0.8 mmol) and 66-1 were reacted to give purified 66-2 (300 mg). Compound 66-2 (300 mg) was deprotected to give purified compound 66 (290 mg). The aforementioned reactions were conducted using a method described in the preparation of compound 54. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 9.35 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 6.1 (s, 1H), 5.66-5.82 (m, 5H), 5.04 (s, 1H), 4.76 (dd, 2H), 4.60 (d, ½H), 4.37-4.48 (m, 2H), 4.22 (d, 2H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 3.58 (s, 8H), 3.57 (s, 12H), 1.93 (s, 1H), 1.23 (s, 3H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): δ−4.08 ppm.

Example 53 Compound 67

Compound 67-1 (180 mg, 62%) was prepared in the same manner from 54-6 (0.18 g, 0.5 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(acetyloxymethyl)phosphate (1.0 mmol) with DIPEA (0.35 mL), BopCl (0.25 g), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (0.11 g) in THF (1 mL) using a method as described for compound 44. Purification was done with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient).

Compound 67 (60 mg, 78%) was prepared from 67-1 (85 mg) using a method as described for compound 44. MS: m/z=1027 [2M−1].

Example 54 Compound 68

To a solution of 68-1 (15 g, 50.2 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (180 mL) was added BzCl (23.3 g, 165.5 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with NaHCO₃ aq. solution. The organic layer was dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (15% EtOAc in PE) to give 68-2 (27 g, 93.5%) as a white solid.

Compound 68-2 (27 g, 47 mmol) was dissolved in 90% HOAc (250 mL) and heated to 110° C. The mixture was stirred overnight at 110° C. The solvent was removed and diluted with EA. The mixture was washed with NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give crude 68-3.

Compound 68-3 was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (600 mL) and stirred overnight. The solvent was concentrated to give the residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 68-4 (12 g, 99%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 68-4 (15 g, 56.8 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added imidazole (7.7 g, 113.6 mmol) and TBSCl (9.4 g, 62.5 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred overnight. And the solvent was removed and diluted with EA. The mixture was washed with NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give crude 68-5.

To a solution of 68-5 in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) was added collidine (6.8 g, 56.8 mmol), MMTrCl (17.8 g, 56.8 mmol) and AgNO₃ (9.6 g, 56.8 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was washed with NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give the residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% EA in PE) to give 68-6 (32 g, 87%).

Compound 68-6 (32 g, 49.2 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of TBAF in THF (1M, 4 eq.) at RT. The mixture was stirred overnight, and the solvent was removed. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (33% EA in PE) to give 68-7 (21 g, 79%).

To a solution of 68-7 (21 g, 38.8 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) was added pyridine (9.2 mL, 116.4 mmol). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and Dess-Martin periodinane (49 g, 116.4 mmol) was added in a single portion. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at RT. The reaction was quenched with Na₂S₂O₃ solution and sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution. The mixture was stirred for 15 mins. The organic layer was separated, washed with diluted brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (200 mL), and the solution was treated with 37% aqueous formaldehyde (20 mL, 194 mmol) and 2 N aqueous sodium hydroxide (37.5 mL, 77.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and NaBH₄ (8.8 g, 232.8 mmol) was added. After stirring for 0.5 h at RT, the excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide was removed with ice water. The mixture was diluted with EA. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (4% MeOH in DCM) to give 68-8 (10 g, 50.5%) as a white foam.

Compound 68-8 (4.8 g, 8.5 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene twice. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (45 mL) and pyridine (6.7 g, 85 mmol). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and triflic anhydride (4.8 g, 18.7 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 mins. At this temperature, the reaction was stirred for 40 mins. TLC (50% EA in PE) showed that the reaction was complete. The mixture was purified by column chromatography (EA in PE from 0 to 20%) to give 68-9 (6.1 g, 86.4%) as a brown foam.

Compound 68-9 (6.1 g, 7.3 mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (25 mL). The mixture was treated with a solution of TBAF in THF (1M, 25 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred overnight. TBAF in THF (1M, 15 mL) was added and stirred for 4 h. The mixture was treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide (1N, 14.6 mmol) and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at 0° C. and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 68-10 (2.1 g, 50.6%).

To a solution of 68-10 (1.5 g, 2.6 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (15 mL) was added imidazole (530 mg, 7.8 mmol) and TBSCl (585 mg, 3.9 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 2 h. The solvent was removed and diluted with EA. The mixture was washed with NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give the residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10% EA in PE) to give 68-11 (1.5 g, 84.5%).

To a solution of 68-11 (1.5 g, 2.2 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (11 mL) were added DMAP (671 mg, 5.5 mmol), TEA (555 mg, 5.5 mmol) and TPSCl (1.66 g, 5.5 mmol) at RT. The reaction was stirred overnight at RT. NH₄OH (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (2% MeOH in DCM) to give crude 68-12, which was purified by prep-TLC to give 68-12 (1.2 g, 80%) as a white solid.

A solution of 68-12 (1.2 g, 1.76 mmol) in 80% HCOOH (60 mL) was stirred for 4 h. The solvent was removed at low pressure. The crude product was dissolved in MeOH (40 mL) and stirred overnight. The solvent was concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (MeOH in DCM 10%) to give compound 68 (480 mg, 92%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 591 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 55 Compound 69

A solution of 68-8 (2.63 g, 4.64 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine/DCM at 0° C. was added Tf₂O (3.27 g, 11.59 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 40 mins. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 69-1 (2.60 g, 67%).

A solution of 69-1 (2.65 g, 3.19 mmol) in anhydrous DMF was added sodium hydride (153 mg, 3.82 mmol) at 0° C. for 1 h. The solution was used for the next step without purification. The solution was treated with LiCl (402 mg, 9.57 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution, and extracted with EA. The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give crude 69-2.

To a solution 69-2 (1.81 g, 3.19 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was added 1 N NaOH (4 mL, 3.83 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 69-3. (1.34 g, 72%).

A solution of 69-3 (925 mg, 1.58 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added TBSCl (713 mg, 4.75 mmol) and imidazole (323 mg, 4.74 mmol), and stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was diluted with EA (20 mL), and washed with brine. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure to give the crude product. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 69-4 (1.0 g, 90%).

A solution of 69-4 (1.24 g, 1.78 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (10 mL) was added TPSCl (1.34 g, 4.45 mmol), DMAP (543 mg, 4.45 mmol) and TEA (450 mg, 4.45 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (30 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel to give 69-5 (1.0 g, 81%) as a white solid.

Compound 69-5 (1.0 g, 1.43 mmol) was treated with 80% HCOOH (10 mL), and stirred at RT overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified on silica gel using 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give compound 69 (264 mg, 60%). ESI-MS: m/z 311.9 [M+H]⁺.

Example 56 Compound 70

Benzylphosphate (silver salt) and commercially available chloromethyl isobutylrate (5.0 g) yielded purified 70a (3.84 g). ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN): δ 7.39-7.42 (m, 5H), 5.60 (d, 4H), 5.09 (d, 2H), 1.94-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.12-1.17 (m, 12H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃CN): δ−4.03 ppm. Compound 70a (780 mg; 2.0 mmol) was deprotected to give 70-1 (triethylammonium salt), which was used immediately without further purification. Compound 54-6 (356 mg; 1.0 mmol) and 70-1 were reacted to give purified 70-2 (230 mg). Compound 70-2 (230 mg) was deprotected to yield purified compound 70 (80 mg, 0.14 mmol). The aforementioned reactions were conducted using a method described in the preparation of compounds 54 and 66. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H), 5.93 (s, 1H), 5.81 (d, 1H), 5.66-5.75 (m, 4H), 4.76 (dd, 2H), 4.37-4.46 (m, 2H), 4.15 (d, 2H), 3.86 (t, 6H), 3.70 (d, 6H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 1.25 (s, 3H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): δ−4.41 ppm.

Example 57 Compound 71

Compound 71-2 (0.34 g, 60%) was prepared from 52-1 (0.33 g) and 71-1 (0.34 g) in acetone (6 mL) with NaI (0.19 g) and K₂CO₃ (0.69 g).

Compound 71-3 (0.28 g, 74%) was prepared in the same manner from 71-2 (0.25 g, 0.45 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.9 mmol) with DIPEA (0.35 mL), BopCl (0.25 g), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (0.11 g) in THF (5 mL). Purification was done with hexanes/EtOAc (30-100% gradient).

A solution of 71-3 (0.28 g, 0.33 mmol) in 80% aq. AcOH was heated at 45° C. for 4 h and then concentrated. The residue was coevaporated with toluene and then with MeOH containing small amount of Et₃N (2 drops). Purification on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) yielded 71-4 (0.22 g, 84%).

To a solution of 71-4 (148 mg, 0.18 mmol) in EtOAc (0.6 mL) at 0° C. was added 4 N HCl/dioxane (0.5 mL), and the mixture kept at RT for 1 h. Ether was added and compound 71 precipitated. The mixture was filtered and washed with ether to give compound 71 (100 mg, 75%). The aforementioned reactions were conducted using a method described in the preparation of compound 52. MS: m/z=704 [M+1].

Example 58 Compound 33

Compound 33-1 (50 g, 86.0 mmol) and 6-Cl-guanine (16.1 g, 98.2 mmol) were co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times. To a solution of 33-1 (50 g, 86.0 mmol) and 6-Cl-guanine (16.1 g, 98.2 mmol) in MeCN (200 mL) was added DBU (39.5 g, 258.0 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins, and TMSOTf (95.5 g, 430.0 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins until a clear solution was observed. The mixture was heated to 70° C., and stirred overnight. The solution was cooled to RT, and diluted with EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column on silica gel (EA in PE from 10% to 40%) to give 33-2 (48.0 g, 88.7%) as a yellow foam. ESI-MS: m/z 628 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 33-2 (48.0 g, 76.4 mol), AgNO₃ (50.0 g, 294.1 mmol) and collidine (40 mL) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) was added MMTrCl (46.0 g, 149.2 mmol) in small portions under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h under N₂. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC. After filtration, the filtrate was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EA in PE from 5% to 50%) to the give crude 33-3 (68 g, 98%). ESI-MS: m/z 900.1 [M+H]⁺.

Sodium (8.7 g, 378.0 mmol) was dissolved in dry EtOH (100 mL) at 0° C., and slowly warmed to RT. Compound 33-3 (68.0 g, 75.6 mmol) was treated with freshly prepared NaOEt solution, and stirred overnight at RT. Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC and LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at a low pressure, diluted with H₂O (100 mL), and extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give 33-4 (34.0 g, 75.2%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 598 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 33-4 (32.0 g, 53.5 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine 3 times. To an ice cooled solution of 33-4 (32.0 g, 53.5 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (100 mL) was added a solution of TsCl (11.2 g, 58.9 mmol) in pyridine (50 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 18 h. at 0° C. The reaction was monitored by LCMS, and quenched with H₂O. The solution was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL), and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at a low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give crude 33-5 (25.0 g, 62.2%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 752 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 33-5 (23.0 g, 30.6 mmol) in acetone (150 mL) was added NaI (45.9 g, 306.0 mmol) and TBAI (2.0 g), and the mixture was refluxed overnight. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic solution was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 20:1) to give a crude product. To a solution of the crude product in dry THF (200 mL) was added DBU (14.0 g, 91.8 mmol), and the mixture was heated to 60° C. and stirred overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and the solution was extracted with EA (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give 33-6 (12.0 g, 67.4%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 580 [M+H]⁺.

To an ice cooled solution of 33-6 (8.0 g, 13.8 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (100 mL) was added NIS (3.9 g, 17.2 mmol) and TEA.3HF (3.3 g, 20.7 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 18 h, and the reaction was checked by LCMS. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂SO₃ solution and sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The solution was extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 50%) to give 33-7 (7.2 g, 72.0%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 726 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 33-7 (7.2 g, 9.9 mmol) in dry DCM (100 mL) was added DMAP (3.6 g, 29.8 mmol), and BzCl (2.8 g, 19.8 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred overnight, and checked by LCMS. The mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 30%) to give 33-8 (8.0 g, 86.4%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 934 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 33-8 (7.5 g, 8.0 mmol) in dry DMF (100 mL) was added NaOBz (11.5 g, 80.0 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (15.6 mL). The mixture was stirred for 36 h. at 90° C. The mixture was diluted with H₂O (100 mL), and extracted with EA (3×150 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 30%) to give crude 33-9 (6.0 g, 80.0%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 928 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 33-9 (4.0 g, 4.3 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times, and treated with NH₃/MeOH (50 mL, 4N) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 18 h. at RT. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 30% to 50%) to give product 33-10 (1.9 g, 71.7%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 616 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 33-10 (300.0 mg, 0.49 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene 3 times, and was dissolved in MeCN (2 mL). The mixture was treated with NMI (120.5 mg, 1.47 mmol) and the phosphorochloridate reagent (326.3 mg, 0.98 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 18 h at RT and monitored by LCMS. The mixture was diluted with 10% NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA in PE from 30% to 50%) to give 33-11 (210 mg, 47.5%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 913.0 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 33-11 (210 mg, 0.26 mmol) was treated with 80% of AcOH (15 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 18 h at RT. Completion of the reaction was determined by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (MeOH in DCM from 1% to 3%) to give compound 33 (71.8 mg, 48.7%) as a solid. ESI-MS: m/z 641.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 59 Compound 75

A mixture solution of 1-5 (317 mg, 0.49 mmol), TPSCl (373 mg, 1.23 mmol), DMAP (150 mg, 1.23 mmol) and TEA (124 mg, 1.23 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was treated with ammonium solution, and then stirred at RT for 3 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 75-1 (200 mg, 63%).

A solution of 75-1 (286 mg, 0.45 mmol) and ammonium fluoride (500 mg, 13.5 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was refluxed overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified on silica gel to give compound 75 (75 mg, 57%). ESI-MS: m/z 289.9 [M+H]⁺.

Example 60 Compound 76

Compound 76-1 (0.44 g, 34%) was prepared from 52-3 (0.88 g, 1.48 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isobutyryloxymethyl)phosphate (3 mmol) with DIPEA (1.05 mL), BopCl (0.76 g), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (0.34 g) in THF (10 mL). Purification was done with hexanes/EtOAc (5-100% gradient). Compound 76-2 (0.43 g, 85%) was prepared from 76-1 (0.44 g); and compound 76 (0.19 g, 98%) was prepared from 76-2 (0.22 g) in EtOH (10 mL) with 10% Pd/C (10 mg), 4 N HCl/dioxane (132 μL), and under the H₂ atmosphere. The aforementioned reactions were conducted using a method described in the preparation of compound 52. MS: m/z=700 [M+1].

Example 61 Compound 77

To a stirred solution of 77-1 (2.0 g, 7.12 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL) was added TMSCl (3.86 g, 35.58 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was slowly warmed to RT and stirred for 2 h. PivCl (1.71 g, 14.23 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was dissolved in MeOH (20 mL) and NH₄F (1.4 g, 37.86 mmol) was added. The mixture was refluxed for 2 h. The solvent was removed, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-2 (2.2 g, 85%).

To a solution of 77-2 (8.5 g, 23.28 mmol) and 1,1-dimethoxycyclopentane (2 mL) in a mixture of DMF (15 mL) and cyclopentanone (6 mL) was added TsOH (6.63 g, 34.93 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with triethylamine, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-3 (6.5 g, 65%).

To a stirred solution of 77-3 (6.0 g, 13.92 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (60 mL) was added MeONa (2.25 g, 41.76 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 12 h and then neutralized with HOAc. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-4 (4.4 g, 92%).

To a stirred solution of 77-4 (5.0 g, 14.40 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (50 mL) was added TBSCl (3.24 g, 21.61 mmol) at RT under N₂, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-5 (5.44 g, 82%).

To a stirred solution of 77-5 (5.0 g, 10.84 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was added MMTrCl (5.01 g, 16.26 mmol), collidine (5 mL), and AgNO₃ (2.76 g, 16.26 mmol) at RT under N₂, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-6 (7.1 g, 89%).

To a stirred solution of 77-6 (7.1 g, 9.68 mmol) in anhydrous THF (70 mL) was added TBAF (5.05 g, 19.37 mmol) at RT under N₂, and the mixture was stirred for 4 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-7 (5.1 g, 87%).

To a stirred solution of 77-7 (3.2 g, 5.17 mmol) and pyridine (2.04 g, 25.85 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (30 mL) was added DMP (3.28 g, 7.75 mmol) at RT under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution, and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give the aldehyde (1.8 g). To a stirred solution of the aldehyde (1.8 g, 2.92 mmol) in dioxane (29.2 mL) was added 37% HCHO (2.36 g, 29.17 mmol) and 1N LiOH (1.6 mL, 2.34 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1.5 h. The solution was neutralized with HOAc. The mixture was treated with EtOH (15 mL) and NaBH₄ (1.66 g, 43.8 mmol), and stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-8 (2.01 g, 61%).

To a stirred solution of 77-8 (200 mg, 0.31 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (2 mL) was added TBDPSCl (170 mg, 0.62 mmol) and imidazole (42 mg, 0.62 mmol) at RT under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with DCM (10 mL), and washed with brine. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-9 (175 mg, 64%).

To a stirred solution of 77-9 (270 mg, 0.304 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (2 mL) was added BzCl (63 mg, 0.61 mmol), DMAP (74 mg, 0.61 mmol) and TEA (61 mg, 0.61 mmol) at RT under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT until the starting material disappeared. The =mixture was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-10 (250 mg, 83.3%).

Compound 77-10 (300 mg, 0.302 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was treated with a solution of TBAF (0.61 mL, 0.61 mmol, 1M in THF) and HOAc (0.2 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-11 (170 mg, 75%).

To a stirred solution of 77-11 (400 mg, 0.531 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (4 mL) was added Tf₂O (299 mg, 1.06 mmol) and pyridine (84 mg, 1.06 mmol) at RT under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT until the starting material disappeared. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-12 (401 mg, 85%).

Compound 77-12 (500 mg, 0.564 mmol) was treated with TBAF in THF (1.0 M, 2 mL) at RT under N₂. The mixture was diluted with water (20 mL), and extracted with DCM. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 77-13 (150 mg, 40.8%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 652.1 [M+H]⁺.

Compound 77-13 (50 mg) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (10 mL), and the mixture was heated at 45° C. for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated and co-evaporated with methanol/toluene to remove traces of acid. The residue was dissolved in 20% triethylamine in methanol, kept for 15 mins and then evaporated. Compound 77 (18 mg, 75%) was isolated by silica gel chromatography in a gradient of methanol in DCM from 0% to 15%. MS: m/z 312.5 [M−1].

Example 62 Compound 78

Compound 78a was prepared from commercially available 3-hydroxyoxetane (5.0 g). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.73 (s, 2H), 5.48-5.51 (m, 1H), 4.90 (d, 2H), 4.72 (d, 2H). Compound 78b (8.0 g) was prepared from 78a. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.95 (s, 2H), 5.48-5.51 (m, 1H), 4.90 (d, 2H), 4.72 (d, 2H). Benzylphosphate (silver salt) and 78b (8.0 g) were reacted to yield purified 78c (1.92 g). ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN): δ 7.39-7.42 (m, 5H), 5.62 (d, 4H), 5.39-5.42 (m, 2H), 5.15 (d, 2H), 4.80-4.83 (m, 4H), 4.56-4.60 (m, 4H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃CN): δ−4.55 ppm. Compound 78c was deprotected to give 78-1 (triethylammonium salt), which was used immediately without further purification. Compound 54-6 (356 mg; 1.0 mmol) and 78-1 were reacted to give purified 78-2 (230 mg). Compound 78-2 (230 mg) was deprotected to yield purified compound 78 (12.5 mg, 0.02 mmol). The aforementioned reactions were conducted using a method described in the preparation of compound 54. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 5.90 (s, 1H), 5.81 (d, 1H), 5.66-5.75 (m, 4H), 5.44-5.49 (m, 2H), 4.88-4.92 (m, 5H), 4.61-4.78 (m, 5H), 4.37-4.46 (m, 2H), 4.21 (s, 1H), 3.49 (s, 1H), 1.25 (s, 3H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): δ−4.28 ppm.

Example 63 Compound 83

Compound 83-2 (70 mg, 58%) was prepared in the same manner from compound 83-1 (90 mg; 0.1 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.2 mmol) with DIPEA (87 μL), BopCl (44 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (29 mg) in THF (2 mL) as described in the preparation of compound 44. Purification was done with hexanes/EtOAc with a 20-80% gradient.

Compound 83 (25 mg, 64%) was prepared from 83-2 (70 mg) in acetonitrile (0.6 mL) and 4 N HCl/dioxane (50 μL) as described in the preparation of compound 55. MS: m/z=658 [M+1].

Example 64 Compound 84

Compound 84-2 (69 mg, 90%) was prepared from 84-1 (52 mg; 0.08 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.16 mmol) with DIPEA (74 μL), BopCl (51 mg), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (23 mg) in THF (1 mL) as described in the preparation of compound 44. Purification was done with hexanes/EtOAc with a 20-100% gradient.

Compound 84 (27 mg, 62%) was prepared from 84-2 (65 mg) as described in the preparation of compound 44. MS: m/z=626 [M+1].

Example 65 Compound 85

A mixture of 76-2 and acetic anhydride in pyridine was stirred overnight at RT, then concentrated and purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) to yield 85-1 (12 mg, 69%).

Compound 85 (10 mg, 92%) was prepared from 85-1 (12 mg) in EtOH (0.5 mL) with 10% Pd/C (1 mg), 4 N HCl/dioxane (7 μL), and under the H₂ atmosphere in the same manner compound 52. MS: m/z=742 [M+1].

Example 66 Compounds 86 and 87

A freshly prepared EtONa in dry EtOH (2N, 150 mL) was added to a solution of 20-4 (13.67 g, 17.15 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 86-1 (10 g, 98%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of PPh₃ (2.73 g, 10.4 mol) in anhydrous pyridine (60 mL) was added I₂ (2.48 g, 9.76 mmol) at RT, and the reaction mixture was stirred RT for 30 mins. A solution of 86-1 (3.9 g, 6.51 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution and NaHCO₃ aq., and then extracted with EA (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (2% MeOH in DCM) to give 86-2 (3.0 g, 75%) as a yellowed solid.

To a solution of 86-2 in dry THF (300 mL) was added DBU (14.0 g, 91.8 mmol), and the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL), and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 86-3 (0.6 g, 37.5%) as a white solid.

To an ice-cooled solution of 86-3 (2.0 g, 3.44 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (20 mL) was added NIS (0.975 g, 4.3 mmol) and TEA.3HF (0.82 g, 5.16 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂SO₃ and NaHCO₃ aqueous solution, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL), washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 86-4 (1.5 g, 60%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 86-4 (1 g, 1.37 mmol) in dry pyridine (100 mL) was added BzCl (0.23 g, 1.65 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was stirred for 30 mins and checked by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10% EA in PE) to give 86-5 (0.9 g, 78%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 86-5 (2 g, 2.4 mmol) in dry DMF (40 mL) was added NaOBz (3.46 g, 24 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (4.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 72 h. The mixture was then diluted with EA (100 mL), and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (15% EA in PE) to give 86-6 (1.5 g, 75%) as a white solid.

Compound 86-6 (1.35 g, 1.64 mmol) in NH₃/MeOH (150 mL) was stirred at RT for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 86-7 (0.9 g, 90%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 618.3 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 86-7 (99 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DCM (1.0 mL), triethylamine (92.7 μL, 0.64 mmol) was added at RT. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath), and freshly prepared and distilled isopropyl phosphorodichloridate (36.6 μL, 0.2 mmol, prepared according to a procedure, Reddy et al. J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76 (10), 3782-3790) was added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath) for 15 mins, followed by addition of N-methylimidazole (26.3 μL, 0.32 mmol). The mixture was then stirred for 1 h at 0 to 5° C. TLC showed absence of 86-7. EA (100 mL) was added, followed by water. The organic layer was washed H₂O, saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified on silica gel with 0 to 10% iPrOH/DCM to give a mixture of 86-a and 86-b (61.5 mg).

A mixture of 86-a and 86-b (61.5 mg, 0.085 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (64 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath). The mixture was stirred at RT for 40 mins, and anhydrous EtOH (200 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, was purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, followed by lyophilization to give compound 86 (1.8 mg) and compound 87 (14.5 mg).

Compound 86: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 8.0 (s, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 5.9-5.6 (br s, 1H), 4.94-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.52 (m, 3H), 1.49-1.3 (m, 12H); ¹⁹F NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ−122.8 (s), −160.06 (s); ³¹P NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ−7.97 (s). ESI-LCMS: m/z=450.1 [M+H]⁺; Compound 87: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.96 (s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.28-6.1 (br s, 1H), 4.81-4.5 (m, 4H), 1.45-1.39 (m, 12H); ³¹P NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ−5.84 (s). ESI-LCMS: m/z=450. [M+H]⁺.

Example 67 Compounds 88 and 89

To a solution of 88-1 (150 mg, 0.24 mmol) in DCM (2.0 mL), triethylamine (141 μL, 2.0 mmol) was added at RT. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath), and freshly prepared and distilled isopropyl phosphorodichloridate (45 μL, 0.26 mmol, prepared according to a procedure, Reddy et al. J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76 (10), 3782-3790) was added. The mixture was stirred at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath) for 15 mins, followed by N-methylimidazole (40 μL, 0.49 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0 to 5° C. TLC showed the absence of starting material 88-1. EA (100 mL) was added, followed by water. The organic layer was washed with H₂O, sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified on silica gel with 0 to 10% iPrOH/DCM to give 88-2a (16.9 mg, faster eluting isomer) and 88-2b (72.7 mg, slower eluting isomer).

Compounds 88-2a and 88-2b were deprotected using a procedure described herein. Compound 88 (7.3 mg, single isomers from 88-2a (16.5 mg, 0.0235 mmol)) and compound 89 (29.0 mg. single isomers from 88-2b (72.7 mg, 0.1 mmol)) were obtained.

Compound 88: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.94 (s, 1H), 6.32 (s, 1H), 6.00-5.9 (br s, 1H), 4.9-4.487 (m, 1H), 4.83-4.77 (m, 1H), 4.65-4.50 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.39 (s, 9H), 1.2 (s, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ−120.3 (s); ³¹P NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ−5.19 (s); ESI-LCMS: m/z=448.05 [M+H]⁺. Compound 89: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 5.78-5.64 (br s, 1H), 4.95-4.48 (m, 2H), 4.62-4.52 (m, 3H), 1.48-1.42 (s, 9H), 1.1 (s, 3H); ¹⁹F NMR (CD₃OD-d₄)-121.3 (s); ³¹P NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ−7.38 (s); ESI-LCMS: m/z=448.05 [M+H]⁺.

Example 68 Compound 90

To a stirred solution of 90-1 (532 mg, 1.84 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (8.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (2.0 mL, 24.36 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath) followed by a solution of freshly prepared and distilled isopropyl phosphorodichloridate (0.5 mL, 2.84 mmol). The solution was stirred at RT for 15 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, followed by water (15 mL). The solution was washed with H₂O, 50% aqueous citric acid solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified on silica gel with 0 to 8% MeOH/DCM to give the crude product (72 mg). The crude product was re-purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, followed by lyophilization to give compound 90 (43.6 mg). MS: m/z=395.05 [M+H]⁺, 393.0 [M−H]⁻, 787.05.0 [2M−H]⁻.

Example 69 Compound 96

Dry 51 (0.05 mmol) was dissolved in the mixture of PO(OMe)₃ (0.7 mL) and pyridine (0.3 mL). The mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 mins at bath temperature 42° C., and then cooled to RT. N-Methylimidazole (0.009 mL, 0.11 mmol) was added followed by POCl₃ (9 μL, 0.11 mmol), and the mixture was kept at RT for 20-40 mins. The reaction was controlled by LCMS and monitored by the appearance of 96. Isolation was performed by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 30% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess of buffer to yield compound 96. MS: m/z 369.0 [M−1].

Example 70 Compounds 97 and 98

Dry 51 (0.05 mmol) was dissolved in the mixture of PO(OMe)₃ (0.7 mL) and pyridine (0.3 mL). The mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 mins at bath temperature 42° C., than cooled to RT. N-Methylimidazole (0.009 mL, 0.11 mmol) was added followed by PSCl₃ (9 uL, 0.11 mmol), and the mixture was kept at RT for 20-40 mins. The reaction was controlled by LCMS and monitored by the appearance of the nucleoside 5′-thiophosphate. After completion of the reaction, tetrabutylammonium salt of pyrophosphate (150 mg) was added, followed by DMF (0.5 mL) to get a homogeneous solution. After 1.5 hours at ambient temperature, the reaction was quenched with water (10 mL). The 5′-triphosphate as mixture of diastereomers was isolated by IE chromatography on AKTA Explorer using column HiLoad 16/10 with Q Sepharose High Performance. Separation was done in linear gradient of NaCl from 0 to 1N in 50 mM TRIS-buffer (pH 7.5). Fractions containing thiotriphosphate were combined, concentrated and desalted by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). Linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 30% in 50 mM triethylammonium buffer was used for elution over 20 mins, flow 10 mL/mins. Compounds 97 and 98 were collected. Analytical RP HPLC was done in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer, pH 7.5 containing linear gradient of acetonitrile from 0% to 25% in 7 mins on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). Compound 97: RT 5.50 mins. ³¹P NMR: δ+42.45 (1P, d), −6.80 (1P, d), −23.36 (1P, q). MS: m/z 544.9 [M−1]. Compound 98: RT 6.01 mins. ³¹P NMR: δ+41.80 (1P, d), −6.57 (IP, d), −23.45 (IP, q). MS: m/z 544.9 [M−1].

Example 71 Compound 99

To a solution of 99a (0.31 g, 0.8 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (2 mL), was added 10% Pd/C (30 mg), and the mixture was stirred under H₂ atmosphere for 1 h. After completion, the mixture was filtered, and the catalyst cake was washed with methanol. The washing and filtrate were combined. The solvent was removed under vacuum to give 99b as a semi-solid (252 mg), which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ5.57 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 4H), 4.23 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.30 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ−4.64 (s).

To a solution of triethylammonium bis(EOC) phosphate (0.7 mmol, prepared from 213 mg of 99b and 0.2 mL of TEA) in THF (3 mL) was added 99-1 (160 mg, 0.45 mmol) followed by diisopropylethylamine (0.33 mL, 1.8 mmol), BOP-Cl (229 mg, 0.9 mmol), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (103 mg, 0.9 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 90 mins. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to a white solid, which was purified on silica gel column (CH₃OH:DCM; 9.5:0.5) to give 99-2 (189 mg, 66%).

To a solution of 99-2 (180 mg, 0.28 mmol) in 80% HCOOH (7 mL), was heated for 6 h at 45° C. The solvents were evaporated, and then co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was purified on silica gel column using 0 to 10% MeOH in DCM to obtain compound 99 (97.3 mg) as a white foam after lypholization. MS: m/z=575.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 72 Compound 100

Compound 100a was prepared from commercially available 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethanol (11.56 mL). Compound 100a (13.5 g) was obtained as a clear colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.73 (s, 2H), 4.38-4.40 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H). Compound 100b (9.6 g) was prepared from 100a, and was obtained as a clear, slightly colored oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.96 (s, 2H), 4.38-4.40 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H). Benzylphosphate (silver salt) and 100b (2.4 g) were reacted and yielded purified 100c (1.02 g). ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN): δ 7.39-7.42 (m, 5H), 5.60 (d, 4H), 5.11 (d, 2H), 4.27-4.29 (m, 4H), 3.65-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.56 (t, 4H), 3.46 (t, 4H), 3.30 (s, 6H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃CN): δ−4.55 ppm. Compound 100c (620 mg; 1.15 mmol) was deprotected to give 100-1 (triethylammonium salt), which was used immediately without further purification. Compound 54-6 (356 mg; 1.0 mmol) and 100-1 were reacted to give purified 100-2 (250 mg). Compound 100-2 (250 mg) was deprotected to yield purified compound 100 (110 mg, 0.14 mmol). The aforementioned reactions were conducted using a method described in the preparation of compound 54. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.62 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, 1H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 5.64-5.79 (m, 5H), 4.76 (dd, 2H), 4.37-4.46 (m, 6H), 4.25 (d, 2H), 3.86 (s, 1H), 3.75 (t, 4H), 3.70 (t, 4H), 3.58 (t, 4H), 3.38 (s, 6H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 1.25 (s, 3H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): δ−3.90 ppm.

Example 73 Compound 104

Compound 44 (0.010 g, 0.016 mmol) was added to normal saline solution (3 mL, pH 7.3), and stored in a heat block at 37° C. for 6 days. The mixture was purified by preparative HPLC using a Synergi 4u Hydro-RP column (Phenomenex, 00G-4375-U0-AX), with H₂O (0.1% formic acid) and ACN (0.1% formic acid) solvents (0-65% gradient in 20 minutes). The compound eluted at 13.0 mins. Pure fractions were pooled and lyophilized to yield compound 104 (0.005 g, 63%). MS: m/z=487 [M+1].

Example 74 Compound 102

A mixture of 102-1 (45 mg, 0.06 mmol) and butylamine (0.4 mL) was kept overnight at RT and then evaporated. The crude residue was purified on silica gel (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-12% gradient) to yield 102-2 as a colorless glass (20 mg, 56%).

To a solution of 102-2 (20 mg, 0.03 mmol) in ACN (0.5 mL) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (35 μL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h and then quenched with MeOH. The residue was treated with ACN to yield compound 102 as an off-white solid (9 mg, 80%). MS m/z=328 [M+1].

Example 75 Compound 105

To a solution of 105-1 (50 g, 203 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added TBDPS-Cl (83.7 g, 304 mmol). The reaction was allowed to proceed overnight at RT. The solution was concentrated under low pressure to give a residue, which was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 5′-OTBDPS ether as a white foam (94 g).

To a solution of the 5′-OTBDPS ether (94.0 g, 194.2 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (300 mL) were added silver nitrate (66.03 g, 388.4 mmol) and collidine (235 mL, 1.94 mol). The mixture was stirred at RT. After 15 mins, the mixture was cooled to 0° C., and monomethoxytrityl chloride (239.3 g, 776.8 mmol) was added as a single portion. After being stirred overnight at RT., the mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was diluted with TBME. The solution was washed successively with 1M citric acid, diluted brine and 5% sodium bicarbonate. The organic solution was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give the fully protected intermediate as a yellow foam.

This fully protected intermediate was dissolved in toluene (100 mL) and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (250 mL) and treated with TBAF (60 g, 233 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT., and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was taken into ethyl acetate and the solution was washed first with saturated sodium bicarbonate and then with brine. After being dried over magnesium sulfate, the solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 105-2 (91 g, 86.4%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 105-2 (13.5 g, 26 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added pyridine (6.17 mL, 78 mmol). The solution was cooled to 0° C., and Dess-Martin periodinane (33.8 g, 78 mmol) was added as a single portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h at RT., and quenched by the addition of Na₂S₂O₃ solution (4%) and sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (4%) (the solution was adjusted to pH 6, ˜150 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 mins. The organic layer was separated, washed with diluted brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (100 mL) and the solution was treated with 37% aqueous formaldehyde (21.2 g, 10 eq.) and 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide (10 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT., overnight. After stirring for 0.5 h at RT., the excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide was removed with saturated NH₄Cl (˜150 mL). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 5% sodium bicarbonate. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (2% MeOH in DCM) to give 105-3 (9.2 g, 83.6%) as a white foam.

Compound 105-3 (23 g, 42.0 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene twice. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (250 mL) and pyridine (20 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C., and triflic anhydride (24.9 g, 88.1 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 mins. At this temperature, the reaction was stirred for 40 mins. The reaction was monitored by TLC (PE: EA=2:1 and DCM: MeOH=15:1). After completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 30 mins, and extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered through a silica gel pad. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 105-4 (30.0 g, 88.3%) as a brown foam.

To a stirred solution of 105-4 (4.4 g, 5.42 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (50 mL) was added NaH (260 mg, 6.5 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was stirred at RT., for 1.5 h. The solution was used for the next step without any further workup.

To the stirred solution was added NaN₃ (1.5 g, 21.68 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere, and the resulting solution was stirred at RT. for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with water, extracted with EA, washed with brine, and dried over MgSO₄. The concentrated organic phase was used for the next step without further purification.

To a solution of 105-6 (3.0 g, 5.4 mmol) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (18 mL) was added NaOH (5.4 mL, 2M in water) at RT. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT. for 3 h. The reaction was diluted with EA, washed with brine, and dried over MgSO₄. The concentrated organic phase was purified on a silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 105-7 (2.9 g, 93%) as a white foam.

Compound 105-7 (520 mg, 0.90 mmol) was dissolved in 80% of HCOOH (20 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 3 h, and monitored by TLC. The solvent was removed and the residue was treated with MeOH and toluene for 3 times. NH₃/MeOH was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT., for 5 mins. The solvent was concentrated to dryness and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give compound 105 (120 mg, 44.4%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 302.0 [M+H]⁺, 324.0 [M+Na]⁺.

Example 76 Compound 106

To a stirred solution of 105-7 (1.1 g, 2.88 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added MMTrCl (1.77 g, 5.76 mmol), AgNO₃ (1.47 g, 8.64 mmol) and collidine (1.05 g, 8.64 mmol) at 25° C. under a N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was refluxed for 12 h. MeOH (20 mL) was added and the solvent was removed to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 106-1 (1.6 g, 85.1%) as a white foam.

To a stirred solution of 106-1 (800 mg, 0.947 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (10 mL) were added TPSCl (570 mg, 1.89 mmol), DMAP (230 mg, 1.89 mmol) and TEA (190 mg, 1.89 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 12 h. NH₄OH (25 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The solvent was removed, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column as a yellow foam. Further purification by prep-TLC gave 106-2 (700 mg, 87.1%) as a white solid.

Compound 106-2 (300 mg, 0.355 mmol) was dissolved in 80% of HCOOH (5 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 3 h, and monitored by TLC. The solvent was then removed and the residue was treated with MeOH and toluene (3 times). NH₃/MeOH was added and the mixture was stirred at RT, for 5 mins. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by column chromatography to give compound 106 (124 mg, 82.6%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 301.0 [M+H]⁺, 601.0 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 77 Compound 108

To a stirred suspension of 108-1 (20 g, 77.5 mmol), PPh₃ (30 g, 114.5 mmol), imidazole (10 g, 147 mmol) and pyridine (90 mL) in anhydrous THF (300 mL) was added a solution of I₂ (25 g, 98.4 mmol) in THF (100 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature (RT) and stirred at RT for 10 h. The reaction was quenched by MeOH (100 mL). The solvent was removed, and the residue was re-dissolved in a mixture ethyl acetate (EA) and THF (2 L, 10:1). The organic phase was washed with saturated Na₂S₂O₃ aq., and the aqueous phase was extracted with a mixture of EA and THF (2 L, 10:1). The organic layer was combined and concentrated to give a residue, which was purified on a silica gel column (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 108-2 (22.5 g, 78.9%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR: (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.42 (s, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (s, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 3.77-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.62 (m, 3H), 0.97 (s, 3H).

To a stirred solution of 108-2 (24.3 g, 66.03 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (240 mL) was added NaOMe (10.69 g, 198.09 mmol) at RT under N₂. The mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The solvent was removed, and the residue was re-dissolved in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL). To the mixture was added Ac₂O (84.9 g, 833.3 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to 60° C. and stirred for 10 h. The solvent was removed, and the residue was diluted with DCM, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was concentrated and purified on a silica gel column (10-50% EA in PE) to give 108-3 (15 g, 70.1%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.82 (s, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.85 (s, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 6H), 1.45 (s, 3H).

To an ice cooled solution of 108-3 (15 g, 46.29 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (300 mL) was added AgF (29.39 g, 231.4 mmol). I₂ (23.51 g, 92.58 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (1.0 L) was added dropwise to the solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated Na₂S₂O₃ and NaHCO₃, and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was separated, dried and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (10-30% EA in PE) to give 108-4 (9.5 g, 43.6%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR: (Methanol-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.80 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (s, 1H), 3.54 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 1.58 (s, 3H).

To a solution of 108-4 (7.0 g, 14.89 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (400 mL) were added NaOBz (21.44 g, 148.9 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (32.75 g, 148.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 130° C. for 6 h. The solvent was removed, diluted with EA and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was evaporated and purified on a silica gel column (10-30% EA in PE) to give 108-5 (2.8 g, 40.5%). ESI-MS: m/z 444.9 [M−F+H]⁺.

A mixture of 108-5 (4.0 g; 8.6 mmol) and liquid ammonia was kept overnight at RT in a high-pressure stainless-steel vessel. Ammonia was then evaporated, and the residue purified on silica (50 g column) with a CH₂Cl₂/MeOH solvent mixture (4-12% gradient) to yield compound 108 as a colorless foam (2.0 g; 84% yield). ESI-MS: m/z 275.1 [M−H]⁻.

Example 78 Compounds 109 and 110

Dry compound 108 (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in the mixture of PO(OMe)₃ (0.750 mL) and pyridine (0.5 mL). The mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 mins at bath temperature 42° C., and then cooled down to RT. N-Methylimidazole (0.009 mL, 0.11 mmol) was added followed by POCl₃ (0.009 mL, 0.1 mmol). The mixture was kept at RT for 45 mins. Tributylamine (0.065 mL, 0.3 mmol) and N-tetrabutyl ammonium salt of pyrophosphate (100 mg) was added. Dry DMF (about 1 mL) was added to get a homogeneous solution. In 1 h, the reaction was quenched with 2M ammonium acetate buffer (1 mL, pH=7.5), diluted water (10 mL) and loaded on a column HiLoad 16/10 with Q Sepharose High Performance. The separation was done in linear gradient of NaCl from 0 to 1N in 50 mM TRIS-buffer (pH7.5). The fractions eluted at 60% buffer B contained Compound 109 and at 80% buffer B contained Compound 110. The corresponding fractions were concentrated, and the residue purified by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 30% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess of buffer. Compound 109: P³¹—NMR (D₂O): −3.76 (s); MS: 378.2 [M−1]. Compound 110: P³¹—NMR (D₂O): −9.28 (d, 1H, Pα), −12.31 (d, 1H, Pγ), −22.95 (t, 1H, Pβ); MS 515.0 [M−1].

Example 79 Compound 112

Compound 112 (36 mg, 63%) was synthesized as described for compound 2 using a neopentyl ester phosphorochloridate reagent. MS: 572.6 [M−1].

Example 80 Compounds 116 and 117

Dry compound 108 (14 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in the mixture of PO(OMe)₃ (0.750 mL) and pyridine (0.5 mL). The mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 mins at bath temperature 42° C., and then cooled down to RT. N-Methylimidazole (0.009 mL, 0.11 mmol) was added followed by PSCl₃ (0.01 mL, 0.1 mmol). The mixture was kept at RT for 1 h. Tributylamine (0.065 mL, 0.3 mmol) and N-tetrabutyl ammonium salt of pyrophosphate (200 mg) was added. Dry DMF (about 1 mL) was added to get a homogeneous solution. In 2 h, the reaction was quenched with 2M ammonium acetate buffer (1 mL, pH=7.5), diluted with water (10 mL) and loaded on a column HiLoad 16/10 with Q Sepharose High Performance. Separation was done in linear gradient of NaCl from 0 to 1N in 50 mM TRIS-buffer (pH7.5). The fractions eluted at 80% buffer B contained compounds 116 and 117. The corresponding fractions were concentrated, and the residue purified by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 20% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. Two peaks were collected. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess of buffer. Peak 1 (more polar): ³¹P-NMR (D₂O): +42.68 (d, 1H, Pα), −9.05 (d, 1H, Pγ), −22.95 (t, 1H, Pβ); MS 530.9.0 [M−1]. Peak 2 (less polar): ³¹P-NMR (D₂O): +42.78 (d, 1H, Pα), −10.12 (bs, 1H, Pγ), −23.94 (t, 1H, Pβ); and MS 530.9.0 [M−1].

Example 81 Compounds 118 and 121

The diastereomers of compound 5 were separated by RP-HPLC. A gradient of 10-43% ACN in H₂O over 26 mins on a Synergi Hydro RP 30×250 m 4u particle column (Phenomenex PN 00G-4375-U0-AX) eluted compound 121 (29.5 mins) and compound 118 (30.1 mins). Pure fractions were lyophilized to produce a white powder. Compound 121: ³¹P-NMR (DMSO-d6) 3.448 ppm; MS: m/z: 544 M−1; Compound 118: ³¹P-NMR (DMSO-d6) 3.538 ppm; MS: m/z: 544 M−1.

Example 82 Compounds 120 and 119

The diastereomers of compound 8 were separated by RP-HPLC. A gradient of 25-52% ACN in H₂O over 26 minutes on a Synergi Hydro RP 30×250 m 4u particle column (Phenomenex PN 00G-4375-U0-AX) eluted compound 119 (24.8 mins) and compound 120 (25.3 mins). Pure fractions were lyophilized to produce a white powder. Compound 119: ³¹P-NMR (DMSO-d6) 3.492 ppm; MS: m/z: 584 M−1. Compound 120: ³¹P-NMR (DMSO-d6) 3.528 ppm; MS: m/z: 584 M−1.

Example 83 Compound 122, Bis-Lithium Salt

Compound 122-1 was synthesized using a procedure similar for preparing compound 2 using alanine benzyl ester hydrochloride. LCMS: m/z 592 [M−1]⁻.

To a solution of 122-1 (1.1 g, 1.85 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) and water (3 mL) was added aqueous triethylammonium acetate (2M, 2 mL, 4 mmol) followed by Pd—C (10%, 100 mg). The mixture was hydrogenated (balloon) for 2 h, and monitored by HPLC. The catalyst was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was suspended in 3% solution of lithium perchlorate in acetone (25 mL). The solid was isolated by filtration, rinsed with acetone and dried under vacuum to give compound 122 (bis-lithium salt) (731 mg, 90%). LCMS: m/z 426 [M−1]⁻.

Example 84 Compound 151

Compound 108 (40 mg, 0.14 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.21 mmol, prepared from 80 mg of bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)phosphate and 30 μL of Et₃N) were rendered anhydrous by coevaporating with pyridine, followed by toluene. The evaporated residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. Diisopropylethyl amine (73 μL, 3 eq.), BopCl (71 mg, 2 eq.), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (32 mg, 2 eq.) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 90 mins. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). Purification on silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) followed by RP-HPLC purification (A: water, B: MeCN) yielded compound 151 (13 mg, 16%). MS: m/z=1167 [2M−1].

Example 85 Compound 159

To a solution of triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxyethyl-1)phosphate (0.28 mmol, prepared from 100 mg of bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxyethyl-1)phosphate and 40 μL of Et₃N) in THF was added 159-1 (60 mg, 0.18 mmol). The mixture was evaporated and rendered anhydrous by coevaporating with pyridine follow by toluene. The evaporated residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. Diisopropylethyl amine (94 μL, 3 eq.) was added, followed by BOP-Cl (92 mg, 2 eq.) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (41 mg, 2 eq.). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 90 mins., diluted with EtOAc and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The residue was purified on a silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (3-10% gradient) to yield 159-2 (19 mg, 17%).

A solution of 159-2 (19 mg, 0.03 mmol) in 80% aq. HCOOH was stirred at RT for 90 mins., and then concentrated. The residue was coevaporated with toluene and then with MeOH containing small amount of Et₃N (1 drop). Purification on a silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4-10% gradient) yielded compound 159 (5 mg, 26%). MS: m/z=629 [M−1].

Example 86 Compound 160

A mixture of benzyloxycarbonyl-L-valine (55 mg, 0.22 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and CDI (36 mg, 0.22 mmol) was stirred at RT for 1.5 h and then at 40° C. for 20 mins. The solution was added to a mixture of compound 44 (122 mg, 0.2 mmol) and DMAP (3 mg, 0.03 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) and TEA (0.75 mL) at 80° C. The mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. After cooling, the mixture was concentrated, and the residue partitioned between tert-butyl methyl ether and water. The organic layer was washed with 0.1 N citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). The residue was purified on a silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) to yield 160-1 (83 mg, 50%) as a colorless foam.

To a solution of 160-1 (83 mg, 0.1 mmol) in EtOH were added HCl (4 N in dioxane; 50 μL, 2 eq.) and 10% Pd/C (5 mg). The mixture was stirred under H₂ atmosphere (normal pressure) for 1 h. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a Celite pad, and the filtrate evaporated to yield compound 160 (50 mg) as a white solid. MS: m/z=702 [M+1].

Example 87 Compound 113

Compound 5-2 (32 mg, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (3 mL) and 2M solution of isopropylmagnesium bromide in THF (0.1 mL) was added at 0° C. The reaction was left for 1 h at RT, and phenyl(isopropyl-L-alaninyl)thiophosphorochloridate was added (0.3 mmol). The mixture was left overnight at RT. LSMS analysis showed about 20% of unreacted starting material. The same amount of Grignard reagent and thiophosphorochloridate were added, and the mixture was heated at 37° C. for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl. The product was extracted with EA, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and evaporated. The resulting oil was dissolved in 80% formic acid (4 mL) and in 1 h evaporated. Compound 113 was purified by RP HPLC in gradient of methanol in water from 30% to 95% on Synergy 4u Hydro-RP column (Phenominex) yielding a colorless solid. Compound 113 (7 mg, yield 12.5%). MS: m/z=560.0 [M−H].

Example 88 Compound 125

Compound 125-1 (109 mg) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (15 mL) and kept for 3 h at RT, then evaporated. The residue was treated with NH₃/MeOH for 1 h at RT to remove formyl-containing side-products. After evaporation compound 125 was purified by crystallization using methanol to yield compound 125 (52 mg, 86%). MS: 339.6 [M−1], 679.7 [2M−1].

Example 89 Compound 148

Compound 148-1 (15.0 g, 25.55 mmol) was treated with 90% HOAc (150 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 12 h, and then concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was dissolved in DCM, and the solution was washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and then concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 148-2 (11.0 g, 88.9%) as a white solid.

Compound 148-2 (12.0 g, 24.79 mmol) was treated with NH₃ in MeOH (200 mL, 7 M) at RT. The solution was stirred at RT for 12 h, and then concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (10% MeOH in DCM) to give 148-3 (6.5 g, 95.0%) as a white solid.

To a stirred suspension of 148-3 (4.3 g, 15.58 mmol), PPh₃ (8.16 g, 31.15 mmol), imidazole (2.11 g, 31.15 mmol) and pyridine (15 mL) in anhydrous THF (45 mL) was added a solution of I₂ (7.91 g, 31.15 mmol) in THF (100 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was slowly warmed to RT and stirred overnight. The mixture was quenched with MeOH (100 mL). The solvent was removed at a low pressure, and the residue was re-dissolved in a mixture of EA and THF (0.2 L, 10:1). The organic phase was washed with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ aq. (2×). The aqueous phase was extracted with a mixture of EA and THF (0.2 L, 10:1, 2×). The concentrated organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to afford 148-4 (5.1 g, 85.0%) as a white solid.

Compound 148-4 (800 mg, 2.07 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of DBU (4 mL) and THF (4 mL) at RT under N₂. The solution was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was neutralized with HOAc, and extracted with a mixture of EA and THF (10:1, 40 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The concentrated organic phase was purified by column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 148-5 (240 mg, 44.9%) as a white solid.

To an ice-cooled solution of 148-5 (1.20 g, 4.65 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (12 mL) was added NIS (1.57 g, 6.97 mmol) and TEA.3HF (1.12 g, 6.97 mmol) under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 5 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (0-5% MeOH in DCM) to give 148-6 (0.91 g, 48.6%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 148-6 (1.2 g, 2.97 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (12 mL) was added BzCl (0.83 g, 5.94 mmol), TEA (0.6 g, 5.94 mmol) and DMAP (0.72 g, 5.94 mmol) successively at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in DCM) to give 148-7 (1.2 g, 66.2%) as a white solid.

Tetra-butyl ammonium hydroxide (25.78 mL, 51.78 mmol) was neutralized with TFA (4.3 mL) to pH=4, and the solution was added to a solution of 148-7 (1.09 g, 2.14 mmol) in DCM (30 mL). m-CPBA (1.85 g, 10.74 mmol) was added portionwise under vigorous stirring, and the mixture was stirred for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (100 mL), and washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 148-8 (350 mg, 41.1%) as a white solid.

Compound 148-8 (280 mg, 0.704 mmol) was treated with NH₃ in MeOH (10 mL, 7 M) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to give compound 148 (110 mg, 53.1%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 295.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 90 Compound 150

To an ice-cooled solution of 150-1 (10 g, 42 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (200 mL) was added TEA.3HF (10 g, 62.5 mmol) and NIS (28 g, 126 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 1.5 h, and monitored by LCMS. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (15% MeCN in DCM) to give 150-2 (12 g, 74%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 150-2 (22 g, 57 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) was added DMAP (21 g, 171 mmol) and BzCl (17.6 g, 125 mol). The mixture was stirred for 5 h at RT, and monitored by LCMS. The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine, and extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 150-3 (30 g, 88%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 150-3 (6.5 g, 11 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (270 mL) was added NaOBz (15.8 g, 110 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (29 g, 132 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 48 h. The precipitate was removed by filtration, and the organic solvent was removed at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (200 mL), and the solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 150-4 (3 g crude, 46.1%) as an oil.

Compound 150-4 (3 g, crude) was treated with NH₃ in MeOH (120 mL, 7 M). The mixture was stirred for 3 h and monitored by TLC. The solution was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (10% isopropanol in DCM) to give 150-5 (1.0 g, 67%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ=1.19 (s, 3H), 3.76-3.82 (m, 2H), 4.02 (d, J=19.8 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (d, J=8.07 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.07 Hz, 1H).

Compound 150-5 (100 mg, 0.36 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. To a stirred solution of 150-5 (100 mg, 0.36 mmol) in a mixture of MeCN (1.0 mL) and NMI (295 mg, 3.6 mmol) was added a solution of 150-C (255.6 mg, 0.72 mmol, preparation described below) in MeCN (0.5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and diluted with EA (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% i-PrOH in DCM) to give the crude product. The product was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give compound 150 (46.7 mg, 23.3%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 618 [M+Na]⁺.

To a stirred solution of 150-A (2.0 g, 13.16 mmol) and naphthalen-1-ol (1.89 g, 13.16 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (100 mL) was added a solution of TEA (1.33 g, 13.16 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) dropwise at −78° C. After addition, the mixture was gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 2 h. The solution was cooled to −78° C., and (S)-isopropyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (2.20 g, 13.16 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added, followed by TEA (2.66 g, 26.29 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) dropwise. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 2 h. The organic solvent was removed at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in methyl-butyl ether. The precipitate was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (anhydrous DCM) to give 150-C (1.0 g, 24.8%) as a colorless oil.

Example 91 Compounds 152 and 153

To a solution of 150-5 (300 mg, 1.08 mmol) and NMI (892 mg, 10 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (4 mL) was added a solution of 152-C (736 mg, 2.17 mmol, preparation described below) in anhydrous MeCN (1 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and diluted with EA (30 mL). The organic layer was washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (iPrOH in DCM from 1% to 5%) to give crude compound 152 (276 mg, crude). Crude compound 152 (96 mg) was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give pure compound 152 (46 mg, 47.9%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 560 [M−F]⁺.

To a solution of compound 152 (180 mg, 0.31 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (6 mL) was added acetic anhydride (158 mg, 1.54 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The solution was quenched with water and concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (10 mL), and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (i-PrOH in DCM from 1% to 3%) to give crude compound 153 (172 mg). Crude compound 153 was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give pure compound 153 (46 mg, 23.8%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 602.3 [M−F]⁺.

Compound 152-C (1.02 g, 23%, a colorless oil) was prepared using a procedure similar to the preparation of 150-C using 150-A (2.00 g, 13.16 mmol) and 4-chlorophenol (1.68 g, 13.16 mmol).

Example 92 Compound 165

To a solution of 165-1 (5 g, 0.02 mol), cyclopentanone (5.25 g, 0.06 mol, 4.5 eq.) and trimethoxymethane (6.52 g, 0.06 mol, 3 eq.) in MeCN (80 mL) was added TSOH*H₂O (1.95 g, 0.01 mol). The mixture was heated at 80° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 165-2 (3.8 g, 60%) as a white oil.

To a solution of 165-2 (5 g, 0.16 mol) in MeCN (50 mL, anhydrous) was added IBX (5.33 g, 0.019 mol, 1.11 eq.) at RT. The mixture was heated at 80° C. for 5 h. The mixture was cooled to R.T and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give 165-3 (4.5 g, purity: 90%).

To a solution of 165-3 (5 g, 0.016 mol) and CH₂O (3.6 mL) in 1,4-dioxane (50 mL) was added NaOH solution (11.3 mL, 2 N) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 5 h at RT. NaBH₄ (1.48 g, 0.038 mol) was added at 0° C., and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with H₂O (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The organic layer was washed by brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatograph (50% EA in PE) to give 165-4 (2.1 g, 38%) as a white oil.

To a stirred solution of 165-4 (3 g, 0.0088 mol) and pyridine (3.51 mL, 5 eq.) in DCM (27 mL) was added Tf₂O (3.27 mL, 0.019 mol) at −35° C. The mixture was slowly warmed to 0° C. and stirred for 2 h at 0° C. The mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The organic layer was separated and washed by brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (5% EA in PE) to give 165-5 (2.65 g, 39%) as a white oil.

To a solution of 165-5 (12.3 g, 0.02 mol) in DMF (20 mL) was added NaH (0.977 g, 0.024 mol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at RT. The mixture was treated with LiCl (2.6 g, 0.062 mol), and then stirred for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with H₂O (20 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 165-6 (3.11 g, 45%) as a white oil.

To a solution of 165-6 (12 g, 0.035 mol) in THF (120 mL) was added NaOH solution (38.8 mL, 0.038 mol) at 0° C., and stirred for 3 h. at RT. The mixture was adjusted to pH=7 with HCl (1.0 N) solution, and extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 165-7 (7.58 g, 60%) as a white solid.

165-7 (3 g, 8.0 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (30 mL). To a solution of 165-7 (3 g), DMAP (100 mg) and TEA (2.5 mL, 2 eq.) in DCM (30 mL) was added Bz₂O (2.01 g, 1 eq.) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at RT. The reaction was quenched with H₂O, and extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The DCM layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (5% EA in PE) to give 165-8 (3.1 g, 80%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 165-8 (200 mg, 0.43 mmol) in CH₃CN (2 mL, anhydrous) was added TPSCl (260 mg, 2 eq.), TEA (0.13 mL) and DMAP (106.4 mg, 2 eq.). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT.

The mixture was treated with NH₃.H₂O (33%, 1.33 mL), and stirred for 2 h at RT. The reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (30 mL), and extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The DCM layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 165-9 (85 mg, 50%) as a white solid.

165-9 (100 mg, 0.216 mmol) was treated with HCOOH (7 mL, 80%), and stirred for 3 h at RT. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (90% EA in PE) to give 165-10 (51 mg, 60%) as a white solid.

165-10 (270 mg, 0.68 mmol) was treated with NH₃ in MeOH (10 mL) at −60° C. The mixture was warmed to RT. The mixture was stirred for 6 h. at RT. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by reverse HPLC to give 165 (60 mg, 30%) as a white solid.

Example 93 Compound 169

To a solution of 106 (200 mg, 0.67 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (5 mL) was added TBSCl (120 mg, 0.8 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred overnight, and the reaction mixture was diluted with EA. The mixture was washed with NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried, filtered and concentrated to give residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM to 25% MeOH in DCM to give 169-1 (153 mg, 55%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 169-1 (54 mg, 0.13 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (2 mL) was added collidine (95 μL, 0.78 mmol), DMTrCl (262 mg, 0.78 mmol) and AgNO₃ (66 mg, 0.39 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred overnight, and then diluted with DCM (5 mL). The mixture was filtered through a pre-packed celite funnel, and the filtrate was washed with NaHCO₃ aq. solution, 1.0 M citric acid solution and then brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25% EA in PE to 100% EA) to give 169-2 (83.5 mg, 63.6%).

To a solution of 169-2 (83 mg, 0.081 mmol) in THF (1 mL), was added a 1M solution of TBAF in THF (0.122 mL, 0.122 mmol) at ice bath temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM to 5% MeOH in DCM) to give 169-3 (66.6 mg, 91%) as a white foam.

169-3 (66.6 mg, 0.074 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene and THF (3×). Bis(POC)phosphate (33 mg, 0.96 mmol) was added, and then co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The mixture was dissolved in anhydrous THF (1.5 mL) and cooled in an ice bath (0 to 50 C). 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (13 mg, 0.11 mmol), diisopropylethyl amine (54 μL, 0.3 mmol), and BOP-Cl (28 mg, 0.11 mmol) were added successively. The mixture was stirred 2 h at 0 to 5° C., diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1.0M citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂:i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) to give 169-4 (68 mg, 76%) as a white solid.

169-4 (68 mg, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, was purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using CH₃CN and H₂O. The product was lyophilization to give 169 (4.8 mg, 14%) as a white foam. ESI-LCMS: m/z=613.1 [M+H]⁺, 1225.2 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 94 Compound 145

AA-1 (2.20 g, 3.84 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (40 mL) at RT (18° C.). The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solvent was removed at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography using 50% EA in Hexane to give AA-2 (1.05 g, 91.3%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of AA-2 (1 g, 3.32 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (20 mL) was added TBSCl (747 mg, 4.98 mmol) and imidazole (451 mg, 6.64 mmol) at RT (16° C.) under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h. The resulting solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine, and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The solution was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column using 20% EA in Hexane to give AA-3 (1.4 g, 79.5%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of AA-3 (1.50 g, 2.83 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in anhydrous CH₃CN (28 mL) was added TPSCl (1.71 g, 5.80 mmol, 2.05 eq.), DMAP (691.70 mg, 5.66 mmol, 2.00 eq.) and TEA (573.00 mg, 5.66 mmol, 2.00 eq.) at RT (15° C.). The mixture was stirred for 2 h. NH₃.H₂O (20 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. The mixture was extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give AA-4 (2.3 g, crude) as a yellow foam.

To a stirred solution of AA-4 (1.90 g, 2.34 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added DMTrCl (1.82 g, 3.49 mmol) and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (1.00 g, 8.25 mmol) at RT (15° C.) under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. MeOH (20 mL) was added. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in EA (80 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give AA-5 (1.4 g, crude) as a white solid.

AA-5 (2.40 g, 2.60 mmol) was dissolved in TBAF (10 mL, 1M in THF). The mixture was stirred at RT (15° C.) for 30 mins. The mixture was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in EA (60 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give AA (1.50 g, 95.8%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 625.3 [M+Na]⁺.

To a solution of AA (60.0 mg, 99.57 μmol, 1.00 eq.) in pyridine (1 mL) was added isobutyric anhydride (31.50 mg, 199.13 μmol, 2.00 eq.) in 1 portion at RT (15° C.) under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was partitioned between EA and water. The combined organic phases were washed with water and brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (30% EA in PE) to afford 145-1 (59.00 mg, 79.77%) as a white solid.

145-1 (57.00 mg, 76.74 μmol, 1.00 eq.) was dissolved in 80% CH₃COOH (8 mL). The solution was stirred at RT (15° C.) for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (2.5% MeOH in DCM) to give 145 (23.00 mg, 68.05%) as a white foam. ESI-MS: m/z 441.2 [M+H]⁺, 463.2[M+Na]⁺.

Example 95 Compound 170

170-1 was prepared in similar manner as 145-1 using AA (60.00 mg, 99.57 μmol, 1.00 eq.) in pyridine (1 mL) and propionic anhydride (25.92 mg, 199.13 μmol, 2.00 eq.). 170-1 (white solid, 56.00 mg, 78.69%).

170 was prepared in similar manner as 145 using 170-1 (54.00 mg, 75.55 μmol, 1.00 eq.) 170 (white foam, 18.00 mg, 57.78%). ESI-MS: m/z 413.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 96 Compound 171

171-1 was prepared in similar manner as 145-1 using AA (62.00 mg, 102.89 μmol, 1.00 eq.) in pyridine (1 mL) and pentanoic anhydride (38.32 mg, 205.77 μmol, 2.00 eq.). 171-1 (white solid, 60.00 mg, 75.65%).

171 was prepared in similar manner as 145 using 171-1 (75.00 mg, 97.30 μmol, 1.00 eq.) 171 (white foam, 28.00 mg, 61.43%). ESI-MS: m/z 469.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 97 Compound 146

146-2 (40.7 mg, 53%) was prepared in the same manner from 146-1 (50 mg, 0.087 mmol) and bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (58 mg, 0.175 mmol) with DIPEA (75 μL, 0.52 mmol), BOP-Cl (66.2 mg, 0.26 mmol), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (30 mg, 0.26 mmol) in THF (0.4 mL) in a similar manner as 169-4.

146-2 (40 mg, 0.045 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (34 μL, 0.135 mmol) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. Anhydrous EtOH (200 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (5-7% gradient) and lypholized give 146 (15.4 mg, 76%) as a white foam. ESI-LCMS: m/z=614.15 [M+H]⁺, 1227.2 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 98 Compound 172

172-1 (100 mg, 0.174 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (3×), toluene (3×) and CH₃CN (3×), and dried under high vacuum overnight. 172-1 was dissolved in CH₃CN (2 mL). A proton sponge (112 mg, 0.52 mmol), POCl₃ (49 uL, 0.52 mmol) were added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0 to 5° C. to give intermediate 172-2. To this solution, L-alanine isopropyl ester hydrochloride (146 mg, 0.87 mmol), and TEA (114 uL, 1.74 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred 2 h at 0 to 5° C., then diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with 1.0M citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (0-7% gradient) to give 172-3 (67 mg, 43.7%) as a white solid.

172-3 (65 mg, 0.074 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (55 μL, 0.22 mmol) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1.5 h. A second portion of 4N HCl in dioxane (15 μL) was added, and the mixture stirred at RT for 2 h. Anhydrous EtOH (300 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, was purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) with CH₃CN and water, and lyophilized to give 172 (9 mg, 20%) as a white foam. ESI-LCMS: m/z=608.15 [M+H]⁺, 1215.3 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 99 Compound 173

A solution of 173-1 (4.7 g, 11.2 mmol; prepared according to the procedure Villard et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2008) 16:7321-7329) and Et₃N (3.4 mL, 24.2 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added dropwise over 1 h to a stirred solution of N,N-diisopropylphosphorodichloridite (1.0 mL, 5.5 mmol) in THF (35 mL) at −75° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate concentrated. The oily residue was purified on silica gel column with EtOAc/hexanes (2-20% gradient) to give 173-3 (1.4 g, 26%).

To a solution of 173-2 (50 mg, 0.08 mmol) and 173-3 (110 mg, 0.11 mmol) in CH₃CN (1.0 mL) was added 5-(ethylthio)tetrazole (0.75 mL, 0.16 mmol; 0.25 M in CH₃CN). The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to −40° C., and a solution of 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (37 mg, 0.16 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL) was added. The mixture was warmed to RT over 1 h. The reaction was quenched with 7% Na₂S₂O₃ solution in sat aq. NaHCO₃. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column with EtOAc/hexanes (30-100% gradient) to give 173-4 (52 mg, 45%).

A solution of 173-4 (52 mg, 0.036 mmol) in MeCN (0.5 mL) and HCl (45 μL; 4 N in dioxane) was stirred 20 h at RT. The reaction was quenched with MeOH, and the solvents were evaporated. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene and purified on a silica gel column with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (4-10% gradient) to give 173 (14 mg, 51%). ESI-LCMS: m/z=702 [M+H]⁺.

Example 100 Compound 174

A mixture of 174-1 (0.14 g, 0.24 mmol; prepared according to the procedure described in WO 2008/082601, filed Dec. 28, 2007) and 173-2 (120 mg, 0.2 mmol) was rendered anhydrous by evaporating with pyridine and then dissolved in pyridine (3 mL). Pivaloyl chloride (48 μL) was added dropwise at −15° C. The mixture was stirred at −15° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl solution and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvents were evaporated, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column with EtOAc/hexanes (30-100% gradient) to give 174-2 (50 mg, 24%).

A mixture of 174-2 (43 mg; 0.04 mmol) in CCl₄ (0.8 mL), L-valine isopropyl ester hydrochloride (20 mg, 0.12 mmol) and Et₃N (33 μl, 0.24 mmol) was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc. The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvents were evaporated, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column with i-PrOH/CH₂Cl₂ (2-10% gradient) to 174-3 (35 mg, 75%).

A solution of 174-3 (35 mg, 0.03 mmol) in MeCN (0.4 mL) and HCl (40 μL; 4 N in dioxane) was stirred 4 h at RT. The reaction was quenched with the addition of MeOH, and the solvents were evaporated. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene and purified on a silica gel column with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (4-10% gradient) to give 174 (11 mg, 56%). ESI-LCMS: m/z=655 [M+H]⁺.

Example 101 Compound 175

To a stirred solution of AA (300.0 mg, 497.83 μmol) in anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) was added DMTrCl (337.36 mg, 995.66 μmol) at RT (17° C.) under N₂ atmosphere. The solution was stirred at 50° C.˜60° C. for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (40 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column using 20% EA in PE to give 175-1 (300 mg, 66.59%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 175-1 (100.00 mg, 110.50 μmol) in anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) was added DMAP (6.75 mg, 55.25 μmol), DCC (22.80 mg, 110.50 μmol) and n-octanoic acid (31.87 mg, 221.00 μmol) at RT (18° C.) under N₂ atmosphere. The solution was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column using 15% EA in PE to give 175-2 (98.00 mg, 86.0%) as a white foam.

175-2 (90.00 mg, 87.28 μmol) was dissolved in 80% CH₃COOH (20 mL) at RT (16° C.). The mixture was stirred RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH, and the mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 175 (33.00 mg, 88.7%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 427.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 102 Compound 176

To a stirred solution of BB-1 (500.00 mg, 0.87 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (1 mL) was added TBSCl (236.5 mg, 1.57 mmol) at 20° C. under N₂. The solution was stirred at 50° C.˜60° C. for 12 h. The solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine, and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The solution was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column to give BB-2 (510.00 mg, 85.06%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of BB-2 (430.00 mg, 625.15 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (6 mL) was added TPSCl (368.65 mg, 1.25 mmol), DMAP (152.75 mg, 1.25 mmol) and TEA (126.52 mg, 1.25 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred for 2 h. NH₄OH (8 mL) was added, and the mixture stirred for 3 h. The mixture was extracted with EA (3×40 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (25% EA in PE) to give BB-3 (500 mg of crude) as a yellow foam.

To a stirred solution of BB-3 (500 mg of crude, 0.72 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (7 mL) was added DMTrCl (365 mg, 1.0 mmol) and collidine (305 mg, 2.5 mmol) and AgNO₃ (184 mg, 1.08 mmol) at RT (15° C.) under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. MeOH (5 mL) was added. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give BB-4 (500 mg, 70.3%) as a white solid.

BB-4 (1.00 g, 1.01 mmol) was dissolved in TBAF (5 mL, 1M in THF) and stirred at RT for 30 mins. The mixture was diluted with EA (100 mL). The mixture was washed with water and brine, and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The organic phase was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on the silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give BB (0.80 g, 91.5%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 873.7 [M+1]⁺.

To a solution of BB (100.00 mg, 114.29 μmol) in anhydrous pyridine (1.5 mL) was added DMAP (2.79 mg, 22.86 μmol), DCC (70.75 mg, 342.88 μmol) and n-octanoic acid (49.45 mg, 342.88 μmol) at RT (18° C.) under N₂ atmosphere. The solution was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column using 15% EA in PE to give 176-1 (95.00 mg, 83.03%) as a white foam.

176-1 (110.00 mg, 109.87 μmol) was dissolved in 80% CH₃COOH (25 mL) at RT (15° C.). The mixture was stirred for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH, and the solution was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 176 (30.00 mg, 64.03%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 427.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 103 Compound 177

177-1 was prepared in similar manner as 143-1 using BB (250.0 mg, 276.25 μmol), (2S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methyl-butanoic acid (360.11 mg, 1.66 mmol) and TEA (83.86 mg, 828.75 μmol). 177-1 (white foam, 220.0 mg, 72.12%).

177-2 was prepared in similar manner as 143-2 using 177-1 (230.00 mg, 208.29 μmol, 1.00 eq.). 177-2 (white foam, 80.00 mg, 77.66%).

177 was prepared in similar manner as 143 using 177-2 (100.00 mg, 200.20 μmol, 1.00 eq.). 177 (white solid, 56 mg, 59.57%). ESI-MS: m/z 400.0 [M+H]⁺, 422.1[M+Na]⁺; 799.1 [2M+H]⁺, 821.2 [2M+Na]⁺.

Example 104 Compound 178

To a stirred solution of 178-1 (100 mg, 0.175 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (0.14 mL, 1.4 mmol) at 0° C. (ice/water bath). A solution of 178-2 (220 mg, 0.53 mmol, dissolved in 0.5 mL of CH₃CN), (prepared according to a general procedure described in Bondada, L. et al., ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, (2013) 4(8):747-751) was added. The solution was stirred at 0 to 5° C. for 1 h and then stirred at RT for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C., diluted with EA followed by addition of water (5 mL). The solution was washed with 1.0M citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with MgSO₄. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with EA/hexanes (25-100% gradient) to give 178-3 (56.4 mg, 33.7%) as a white foam.

178-3 (56 mg, 0.0585 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.7 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (44 μL, 0.176 mmol) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. 4N HCl in dioxane (20 μL) was added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. Anhydrous EtOH (100 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (1-7% gradient) and lypholized to give 178 (27.6 mg, 69%) as a white foam ESI-LCMS: m/z=685.2[M+H]⁺.

Example 105 Compound 179

To a stirred solution of 179-1 (1.92 g, 27.3 mmol), PPh₃ (1.43 g, 54.7 mmol), EtOH (0.25 g, 54.7 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (20 mL) was added DIAD (1.11 g, 54.7 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with EA. The mixture was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to dryness, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column (2% to 5% MeOH in DCM) to give 179-2 (1.43 g, 71%) as a white foam.

To a stirred solution of 179-2 (1.43 g, 19.6 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added TEA (0.59 g, 58.8 mmol) and DMTrCl (0.99 g, 29.4 mmol) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The mixture was treated with MeOH (1 mL), and diluted with EA. The solution was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous NaSO₄, and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (2% MeOH in DCM) to give 179-3 (1.13 g, 56%) as a yellow solid.

To a stirred solution of 179-3 (1.13 g, 1.1 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (10 mL) was added TBDPSCl (0.91 g, 3.3 mmol) and AgNO₃ (0.61 g, 3.3 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. The solid was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was diluted with EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (2% MeOH in DCM) to give 179-4 (1.22 g, 88%) as a white foam.

To a stirred solution of 179-4 (1.22 g, 1.0 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (15 mL) was added Cl₂CHCOOH (0.6 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (2% MeOH in DCM) to give 179-5 (0.52 g, 56%) as a white foam.

To a stirred solution of 179-5 (0.52 g, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (15 mL) and pyridine (0.21 g, 2.5 mmol) was added Tf₂O (0.30 g, 1.0 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 mins. The reaction was quenched with ice water. The organic layer was separated and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure to give 179-6 (442 mg crude) as a yellow foam.

To a stirred solution of 179-6 (442 mg, 0.4 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (5 mL) was added NaN₃ (131 mg, 2.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted by EA (20 mL, 2×). The organic layer was washed with water and dried over Na₂SO₄. The organic phase was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (1% MeOH in DCM) to give 179-7 (352 mg, 88%) as a white foam.

A mixture of 179-7 (352 mg, 0.35 mmol) and NH₄F (392 mg, 10.6 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to RT. The solid was removed by filtration. The solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (2% to 5% MeOH in DCM) to give crude 179-8 (151 mg). The crude product was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% NH₄HCO₃ in water and CH₃CN) to give 179-8 (71.5 mg, 32%) as a white solid. MS: m/z 641[M+H]⁺.

A mixture of 179-8 (64 mg, 0.1 mmol) and bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)phosphate, after rendered anhydrous by evaporating with toluene, was dissolved in CH₃CN (1 mL) and cooled to 0° C. BopCl (40 mg, 0.15 mmol) and NMI (40 μL, 0.5 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. EtOAc was added, and the mixture was washed with 0.5 N aq. citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and then dried with Na₂SO₄. The solvents were removed, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column with 3% i-PrOH in CH₂Cl₂ to 179-9 (38 mg, 40%).

A solution of 179-9 (30 mg, 0.03 mmol) in CH₃CN (0.3 mL) and HCl (30 μL; 4 N dioxane) was stirred at RT for 100 mins. The reaction was quenched with EtOH, and the mixture was evaporated. The crude residue was purified on a silica gel column with i-PrOH/CH₂Cl₂ (3-10% gradient) to yield 179 (10 mg, 50%). ESI-LCMS: m/z=681 [M+H]⁺.

Example 106 Compound 180

To a solution of BB (100 mg, 0.114 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2 mL) were added a solution of bis-SATE-phosphoramidate (62.2 mg, 0.14 mmol) in CH₃CN (1 mL) followed by 5-ethylthio-1H-tetrazole in CH₃CN (0.25M; 0.56 mL, 0.14 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. dropwise. The mixture was stirred 2 h at 0 to 5° C. under Ar. A solution of 77% m-CPBA (49 mg, 0.22 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred 2 h at 0 to 5° C. under Ar. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed with 1.0M citric acid, sat. NaHCO₃, and brine, and dried with MgSO₄. The mixture was filtered and the solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with EA/hexanes (10-100% gradient) to give 180-1 (72 mg, 50.8%) as a white solid.

180-1 (72 mg, 0.056 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (1.0 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (87 μL, 0.35 mmol) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. Intermediate 180-2 was observed by LCMS. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue obtained was re-dissolved in 80% HCOOH (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 4.5 h. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). Anhydrous EtOH (3×5 mL) was added. The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using CH₃CN and H₂O, and lyophilized to give 180 (19.2 mg) as a white foam. ESI-LCMS: m/z=669.2 [M+H]⁺, 1337.25 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 107 Compound 181

181-1 (98 mg, 72.6%) was prepared in the same manner from BB (100 mg, 0.114 mmol) and bis(tert-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (83 mg, 0.35 mmol) with DIPEA (126 μL, 0.69 mmol), BOP-Cl (87 mg, 0.34 mmol), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (39 mg, 0.34 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) in the same manner as 169-4.

181 (30.2 mg, 60%) was prepared from 181-1 (98 mg, 0.083 mmol) in the same manner as 146. ESI-LCMS: m/z=609.15 [M+H]⁺, 1217.3 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 108 Compounds 182 and 183

Compounds 182, 182aa, 182ab and 183 were prepared as described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/96680, published Jun. 27, 2014. 182: ESI-LCMS: m/z 554.0 [M+H]⁺; 182aa and 182ab: Faster eluting diastereomer —³¹P NMR 67.1, LC/MS 552 [M−1] Slower eluting diastereomer —³¹P NMR 67.9, LC/MS 552 [M−1]. 183: ESI-MS: m/z 576.9 [M+H]⁺.

Example 109 Compounds 186-201

Compounds 186-201 were prepared as described in PCT Publication No. WO 2014/96680, published Jun. 27, 2014. 186: ESI-LCMS: m/z 593.0 [M+H]⁺. 187: ESI-LCMS: m/z 614.1 [M+H]⁺. 188: ESI-LCMS: m/z 582.1 [M+H]⁺. 189: ESI-LCMS: m/z 596.1 [M+H]⁺. 190: ESI-LCMS: m/z 672.0 [M+H]⁺. 191: ESI-LCMS: m/z 589.0 [M+H]⁺. 192: ESI-LCMS: m/z 606.0 [M+H]⁺. 193: ESI-LCMS: m/z 604.1 [M+H]⁺. 194: ESI-LCMS: m/z 568 [M+H]⁺, 590 [M+Na]⁺. 195: ESI-LCMS: m/z 680 [M+H]⁺. 196: ESI-LCMS: m/z 578.0 [M+Na]⁺. 197: ESI-MS: m/z 633.1 [M+H]⁺. 198: ESI-LCMS: m/z 604 [M+Na]⁺, 582 [M+H]⁺. 199: ESI-LCMS: m/z 582.0 [M+H]⁺. 200: ESI-LCMS: m/z 618 [M+Na]⁺. 201: ESI-LCMS: m/z 568.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 110 Compound 204

A method for preparing compound 204 is provided in WO 2010/015643, filed Aug. 4, 2009.

Example 111 Compound 206

206-1 (1.0 g, 3.53 mmol) was coevaporated with anhydrous pyridine 3 times to remove H₂O. To an ice-cold solution of 206-1 in anhydrous pyridine (9 mL) was added TsCl (808 mg, 4.24 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) drop-wise at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred for 18 h. at 0° C. The reaction was monitored by LCMS, and then quenched with H₂O. After concentration at low pressure, the residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1% MeOH in DCM) to give 206-2 (980 mg, 63%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 206-2 (980 mg, 2.24 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) was added NaI (1.01 g, 6.73 mmol), and the mixture was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The solution was washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solution was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1% MeOH in DCM) to give 206-3 (700 mg, 79%) as a solid.

To a solution of 206-3 (700 mg, 1.78 mmol) in dry THF (9 mL) was added DBU (817 mg, 5.34 mmol), and the mixture was heated to 60° C. The mixture was stirred overnight, and monitored by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1% MeOH in DCM) to give 206-4 (250 mg, 53%) as a white solid.

To an ice-clod solution of 206-4 (250 mg, 0.94 mmol) in dry MeCN (5 mL) was added NEt₃.3HF (151 mg, 0.94 mmol) and NIS (255 mg, 1.13 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT, for 3 h., and checked by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat Na₂S₂O₃ and sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (2% acetone in DCM) to give 206-5 (170 mg, 44%).

To a solution of 206-5 (270 mg, 0.65 mmol) in dry DCM (4 mL) was added DMAP (158.6 mg, 1.3 mmol), and BzCl (137 mg, 0.98 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 4-5 h. at RT, and checked by LCMS. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 206-6 (290 mg, 86%) as a solid.

To a solution of 206-6 (900 mg, 1.74 mmol) in dry DMF (45 mL) was added NaOBz (2.5 g, 17.4 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (4.5 g, 20.9 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 48 h at 90-100° C. The mixture was diluted with EA (100 mL), and washed with brine. The organic layer was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 206-7 (500 mg, 56%) as a solid.

To a solution of 206-7 (500 mg, 0.98 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (5 mL) was added TPSCl (741 mg, 2.45 mmol), DMAP (299.6 mg, 2.45 mmol) and NEt₃ (248 mg, 2.45 mmol) at RT, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was then treated with NH₃ in THF (5 mL) and then stirred for another 30 mins. The mixture was diluted with EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with 0.5% AcOH solution. The organic solvent was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and concentrated at low pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (2% Acetone in DCM) to give 206-8 (257 mg, 51.6%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 509 [M+H]⁺.

206-8 (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) was dissolved in n-butylamine (3 mL). The mixture was kept overnight at RT and evaporated. The residue was crystallized from methanol to give 206 (30 mg). The mother liquor was purified by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 30% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess of buffer to yield additional 206 (13 mg). 206 (total yield 43 mg, 73%). MS: m/z 299.7 [M−1]⁻.

Example 112 Compound 207

207-1 (30 mg, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of CH₃CN (2 mL) and N-methylimidazole (200 uL). Phosphorochloridate (100 mg, 0.3 mmol) was added, and the mixture was kept for 5 d at RT. The mixture was distributed between water and EA. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried and evaporated. The phosphoroamidate was isolated by silica gel chromatography in a gradient of methanol in DCM from 3% to 10%. The corresponding fractions were concentrated and re-purified by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol in DCM from 3% to 95% containing 0.1% formic acid was used for elution. 207 was obtained as a mixture Rp and Rs isomers (9 mg, 16%). MS: m/z 562.1 [M−1]⁻.

Example 113 Compound 211

To a solution of 211-1 (23.0 g, 39.5 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (200 mL) was added DAST (31.9 g, 198 mmol) dropwise at −78° C., and the solution was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h. The mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃, extracted with EA (2×200 mL) and dried over with anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solution was concentrated to dryness under low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (50% EA in PE) to give 211-2 (16.5 g, 71%) as a yellow foam.

A mixture of 211-2 (16.0 g, 27.4 mmol) and NH₄F (3.0 g, 82.2 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was stirred at 70° C. for 12 h. The reaction was cooled, and the salt was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (3% MeOH in DCM) to give 211-3 (5.1 g, 69.0%) as a white foam.

To a stirred suspension of 211-3 (4.1 g, 15.2 mmol), PPh₃ (8.0 g, 30.4 mmol), imidazole (2.1 g, 30.4 mmol) and pyridine (18.2 mL) in anhydrous THF (40 mL) was added dropwise a solution of I₂ (5.8 g, 22.8 mmol) in THF (20 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (100 mL), and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (4% MeOH in DCM) to give pure 211-4 (4.4 g, 77%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 381.1 [M+1]⁺.

To a stirred solution of 211-4 (2.5 g, 0.7 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3 mL) was added DBU (2.1 g, 14 mmol) at RT, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with HOAc, and diluted with 2-Me-tetrahydrofuran. The solution was washed with brine, dried over with anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (MeOH 5% in DCM) to give 211-5 (1.1 g, 68.9%) as a white foam.

To a stirred solution of 211-5 (800 mg, 3.17 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (10 mL) was added TEA.3HF (510 mg, 3.17 mmol) and NIS (785 mg, 3.49 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 30 mins, gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution and Na₂S₂O₃ solution, and extracted with EA (2×20 mL). The organic layer was dried over with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column to give pure 211-6 (695 mg, 57.9%) as a yellow solid.

To a stirred solution of 211-6 (650 mg, 1.63 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was added BzCl (507 mg, 3.59 mmol) at 0° C., and stirred at RT for 12 h. The mixture was quenched with water, and concentrated to dryness under reducing pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (EA 50% in PE) to yield 211-7 (550 mg, 67%) as a white foam.

Tetra-butylammonium hydroxide (9 mL as 54-56% aqueous solution, 72 mmol) was neutralized with TFA to pH ˜4 (1.5 mL), and the mixture was added to a solution of 211-7 (375 mg, 0.75 mmol) in DCM (9 mL). m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (924 mg, 60-70%, 3.75 mmol) was added in portions with vigorous stirring, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (EA 50% in PE) to give 211-8 (230 mg, 78.8%) as a white foam. ESI-MS: m/z 393.1 [M+1]⁺.

211-8 (120 mg, 0.24 mmol) was treated with 7N NH₃.MeOH (20 mL), and stirred for 5 h. The mixture was concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (propan-2-ol 15% in DCM) to yield 211 (53 mg, 60.2%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 288.8 [M+1]⁺.

Example 114 Compounds 212a and 212b

To a solution of 212-1 (0.47 g, 0.65 mol) in DCM (3 mL) was added AgNO₃ (0.22 g, 1.29 mmol), collidine (0.15 g, 1.29 mmol) and MMTrCl (0.3 g, 0.974 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filter was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column to give 212-2 (0.55, 85%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 212-2 (0.5 g, 0.5 mmol) in dry DMF (10 mL) was added NaOBz (0.72 g, 5 mmol) and 15-crown-5 (0.9 mL). The mixture was stirred at 95° C. for 72 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 212-3 (0.3 g, 60%) as a white solid.

212-3 (0.3 g, 0.3 mmol) in NH₃/MeOH (30 mL) was stirred at RT for 18 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 212-4 (145 mg, 56%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 890.5 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of 212-4 (161 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (118 μL, 2.87 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath) followed by solution of 212-5 (186 mg, 0.54 mmol, dissolved in 2 mL of CH₃CN). The solution was stirred at 0 to 5° C. for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with EA, and water was added (15 mL). The solution was washed H₂O, 50% aqueous citric acid solution and brine. The organic layer was separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified on silica gel with 0 to 40% EA/hexanes to give as 212-6 (82.6 mg) as the faster eluting isomer and 212-7 (106 mg) as the slower eluting isomer.

212-6 (82.6 mg, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (35 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h, and anhydrous EtOH (100 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene 3 times. The residue was dissolved in 50% CH₃CN/H₂O, and purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using acetonitrile and water, followed by lyophilization to give 212a (19.4 mg). ESI-LCMS: m/z=655.2 [M+H]⁺, 653.15 [M−H]⁻.

212-7 (100 mg, 0.083 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (50 μL) was added at 0 to 5° C. Following the procedure for obtaining 212a, 212b (31.8 mg) was obtained. ESI-LCMS: m/z=655.2 [M+H]⁺, 653.1 [M−H]⁻.

Example 115 Compound 213

To a solution of the nucleoside (300 mg, 1.09 mmol) and proton-sponge (467 mg, 2.18 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (5 mL) at 0° C. under N₂ was added dropwise a solution of phosphorus oxychloride (330 mg, 2.18 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins, and the hydrogen chloride salt of (S)-ethyl 2-aminopropanoate (998 mg, 6.52 mmol) and triethylamine (1.5 mL, 10.87 mmol) at 0° C. were added. The mixture was stirred overnight at 30° C. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The organic layer was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC to give 213 (20 mg, 3%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 535 [M−F]⁺.

Example 116 Compound 214

The nucleoside (140 mg, 0.42 mmol) was dissolved in n-butylamine (0.5 mL). The mixture was kept for 2 h at RT, and the amine was then evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, and the organic layer was washed twice with 10% citric acid, dried over Na₂SO₄, and evaporated. The residue purified by column chromatography on silica gel in linear gradient of methanol in DCM from 0% to 12% over 10 column volumes. The fractions containing the product were concentrated and treated with 80% HCOOH for 1 h at RT. The mixture was evaporated to dryness, and suspended in CH₃CN. The precipitate was separated, washed with CH₃CN (1 mL) and dried to yield 214 (27 mg, 50%). MS: m/z 326.5 [M−1]⁻.

Example 117 Compound 216

To a solution of 216-1 (3.0 g, 18.0 mmol) and POCl₃ (1.35 g, 9.0 mmol) in DCM (80 mL) was added TEA (3.6 g, 36.0 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. A solution of pentafluorophenol (1.65 g, 9.0 mmol) and TEA (0.9 g, 9.0 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 h. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was washed by TBME and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 216-2 (2.7 g, 62.7%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 491.1 [M+1]⁺.

To a stirred solution of 1-((3aR,4R,6S,6aS)-6-fluoro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-3a-methyltetrahydrofuro [3,4-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl)pyrimidine-2,4 (1H,3H)-dione (150 mg, 0.47 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was added a solution of t-BuMgCl (0.46 mL, 1M in THF) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 40 mins, and re-cooled to 0° C. A solution of 216-2 (462 mg, 0.94 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h. The mixture was quenched with H₂O, and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reducing pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (50% EA in PE) to give 216-3 as a white foam (230 mg, 78%).

216-3 (230 mg, 0.37 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH aqueous solution (20 mL), and the mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h. The solvent was removed at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column to give the crude product, which was purified by RP HPLC (HCOOH system) to give 216 as a mixture of two P-isomers (75 mg, 33%). ESI-TOF-MS: m/z 583.0 [M+H]⁺.

Example 118 Compound 218

218-1 (30 mg, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of CH₃CN (2 mL) and N-methylimidazole (200 uL). Phosphorochloridate (100 mg, 0.3 mmol) was added, and the mixture was kept overnight at 40° C. The temperature was increased to 65° C. and heated for 1 h. The mixture was distributed between water and EA. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried and evaporated. The azido-phosphoramidate was purified by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 30% to 100% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The azido-phosphoramidate (8 mg) was dissolved in pyridine/Et₃N (3 mL, 8:1 v/v) and cooled to 0° C. H₂S gas was bubbled through the solution for 10 mins, and the reaction was kept for 1 h at RT. The solvents were evaporated, and the residue isolated by RP HPLC. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess of buffer, to provide 218 (1.2 mg) as mixture Rp and Rs isomers. MS: m/z 544.1 [M+1]⁺.

Example 119 Compound 219

To a solution of IBX (133.33 g, 476 mmol) in dry CH₃CN (2 L) was added 219-1 (100.0 g, 216 mol) at RT. The mixture was refluxed and stirred for 12 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure to give 219-2 as a yellow oil (90.0 g, 90.4%).

219-2 (50.0 g, 108.70 mmol) was coevaporated with anhydrous toluene twice to remove H₂O. Ethynyl magnesium bromide, (800 mL, 400.0 mmol) was added dropwise into a solution of 73-2 in THF (500 mL) over 20 mins at −78° C. The mixture was stirred for about 10 mins at −78° C. When the starting material was consumed, the ice-acetone cooling bath was removed. The mixture was quenched with a sat. NH₄Cl solution with stirring, and then warmed to RT. The mixture was extracted with EA, filtered through Celite and washed with brine. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated at low pressure to give crude 219-3 as a deep yellow oil (48.0 g, yield: 90.8%).

219-3 (200.0 g, 411.52 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (2000 mL) and then DMAP (100.41 g, 823.05 mmol) and Et₃N (124.94 g, 1.23 mol) were added at RT. The mixture was treated with benzoyl chloride (173.46 g, 1.23 mol) at 0° C. After stirring for 12 h at RT, the reaction was quenched with H₂O. The combined aq. phase was extracted with DCM. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give a black oil. The oil was purified by column chromatography using 7%-20% EA in PE as the eluent to give a yellow oil. The residue triturated with CH₃OH and filtered. The filter cake was concentrated in vacuo to give 219-4 as a white solid (30.0 g, 36.4%).

Uracil (34.17 g, 305.08 mmol) were coevaporated with anhydrous toluene twice to remove H₂O. To a stirred suspension of uracil in anhydrous MeCN (150 mL) was added N,O—BSA (123.86 g, 610.17 mmol) at RT. The mixture was refluxed for 1.5 h and then cooled to RT. 219-4 (90 g, 152.54 mmol, which were coevaporated with anhydrous toluene twice to remove H₂O) was added. TMSOTf (237.05 g, 1.07 mol) was then added at RT. The mixture was heated to 70° C., and then stirred overnight and then monitored by LCMS. The mixture was cooled to RT, and quenched with a sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The solution was extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified using a silica gel column eluted with 10%-50% EA in PE to give 219-5 as a white solid (45 g, 50.9%).

219-5 (50 g, 86.21 mmol) was treated with NH₃ in MeOH (1 L) at RT, and then stirred for 48 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (10% MeOH in DCM) to give 219-6 (12.6 g, 54.55%) as a white solid.

To a solution of cyclopentanone (100 g, 1.189 mmol) and trimethyl orthoformate (150 mL) in MeOH (600 mL) was added TsOH.H₂O (1.13 g, 5.9 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with NaOMe (0.32 g, 5.9 mmol) and H₂O, and the solution was extracted by n-hexane. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and then concentrated at low pressure. The cyclopentyl dimethoxy acetal and 219-6 (20 g, 74.63 mmol) was dissolved in DCE (200 mL), and then treated with TsOH.H₂O (0.71 g, 3.73 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 219-7 (15.4 g, 61.8%) as a white solid.

219-7 (20.0 g, 0.06 mol) was coevaporated with anhydrous pyridine three times to remove H₂O. To an ice-cold solution of 219-7 in anhydrous pyridine (100 mL) was added TsCl (22.8 g, 0.12 mol) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred overnight and monitored by LCMS and TLC. The reaction was quenched with H₂O and extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous NaSO₄ and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 15:1) to give 219-8 (20.0 g, 69.0%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 219-8 (20.0 g, 0.04 mol) in acetone (200 mL) was added NaI (31.0 g, 0.2 mol) and heated to reflux overnight and monitored by LCMS. The mixture was quenched with a sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution, and extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 15:1) to give 219-9 (15.0 g, 83.3%) as a white solid.

To 219-9 (30.0 g, 0.068 mol) in dioxane (60 mL) in sealed tube was added CuBr (4.9 g, 0.034 mol), i-Pr₂NH (13.6 g, 0.135 mol) and (CH₂O)_(n) (5.1 g, 0.17 mol) under N₂. The mixture was heated at reflux for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, and washed with a sat. NH₄Cl solution and brine. The solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 15:1) to give 219-10 (10.0 g, 32.3%) as a white solid.

219-10 (10 g, 21.83 mmol) was treated with HCOOH (80%) in H₂O at RT. The solution was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h, and then concentrated at a low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (1%-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 219-11 (5.1 g, 58.55%) as a white solid.

219-11 (5 g, 12.79 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous MeOH (100 mL) and treated with NaOMe (4.83 g, 89.5 mmol) at RT. The solution was stirred at 60° C. for 36 h. The mixture was quenched with CO₂ and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 219-12 (2.3 g, 68.05%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ=7.29 (d, J=8 Hz 1H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=8.0 Hz 1H), 5.18 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.84 (m, 1H), 4.61 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (s, 1H), 3.45 (s, 1H).

To an ice-cold solution of 219-12 (1.5 g, 5.68 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (15 mL) was added NIS (1.66 g, 7.39 mmol) and TEA.3HF (0.73 g, 4.55 mmol) under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ and sat. Na₂SO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (0-5% MeOH in DCM) to give 219-13 (1.08 g, 46.2%) as a yellow solid.

To a stirred solution of 219-13 (1 g, 2.44 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added DMAP (0.60 g, 4.88 mmol) and Et₃N (0.74 g, 7.32 mmol) at RT. The mixture was treated with benzoyl chloride (0.79 g, 5.61 mmol) at 0° C. and then stirred at RT for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (0-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 219-14 (0.9 g, 59.6%) as a white solid.

Bu₄NOH (55% in H₂O, 13.74 mL) was treated with TFA (to adjust pH=3-4). The mixture was cooled to RT. To a solution of 219-14 (0.9 g, 1.46 mmol) in DCM (9 mL) was added m-CPBA (80%, 1.57 g, 7.28 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 48 h. The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was passed through an anhydrous Al₂O₃ column, and the solution was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 219-15 (0.26 g, 35.1%) as a yellow solid.

219-15 (0.25 g, 0.49 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (5 mL, 7 M), and the mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h under N₂. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure at RT, and the residue was purified by a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 219-16 (100 g, 67.75%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ=7.83 (d, J=8 Hz 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=6.0 Hz 1H), 5.12 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.99-5.01 (m, 1H), 4.38 (d, J=19.6 Hz 1H), 3.74-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.35 (s, 1H).

219-16 (100 mg, 0.33 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene three times to remove H₂O. To a stirred solution of 219-16 (100 mg, 0.33 mmol) in a mixture of MeCN (1.0 mL) and NMI (271 mg, 3.3 mmol) was added a solution of 219-C (216.5 mg, 0.66 mmol) in MeCN (0.5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and then reaction was quenched with water. The mixture was diluted with EA (20 mL), and the organic layer was washed with water and brine, and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% i-PrOH in DCM) to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give 219 (35.6 mg, 19.0%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 592 [M+Na]⁺.

To a stirred solution of 219-A (2.0 g, 13.16 mmol) and phenol (1.22 g, 13.16 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (100 mL) was added a solution of TEA (1.33 g, 13.16 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was warmed gradually to RT, and then stirred for 2 h. The solution was re-cooled to −78° C., and (S)-isopropyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (2.20 g, 13.16 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of TEA (2.66 g, 26.29 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). The mixture was warmed gradually to RT, and then stirred for 2 h. The organic solvent was removed at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in methyl-butyl ether. The precipitate was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (anhydrous DCM) to give 219-C (0.9 g, 22.3%) as a colorless oil.

Example 120 Compound 220

Dry nucleoside (0.05 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of PO(OMe)₃ (0.7 mL) and pyridine (0.3 mL). The mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 mins. at 42° C., then cooled to RT. N-Methylimidazole (0.009 mL, 0.11 mmol) was added followed by POCl₃ (0.009 mL, 0.11 mmol). The mixture was kept at RT for 20-40 mins and monitored for the formation of 220 by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with water and isolated by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 30% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess of buffer. MS: m/z 396.5 [M−1]⁻.

Example 121 Compound 223

A solution of 223-1 (16.70 g, 0.363 mol) and TEA (36.66 g, 0.363 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of POCl₃ (55.65 g, 0.363 mol) in DCM (100 mL) over 25 mins at −78° C. After the mixture was stirred for 2 h. at RT, the triethylamine hydrochloride salt was filtered, and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The filtrate was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was distilled under high vacuum (˜10 mm Hg) with a cow-head fraction collector. 223-2 was collected between 45° C. (distillation head temperature) as a colorless liquid (30.5 g, 50% yield). ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=4.44 (dq, J=10.85, 7.17 Hz, 2H), 1.44-1.57 (m, 3H); ³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=6.75 (br. s., 1P).

To a stirred suspension of 227-A (93 mg, 0.15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added TEA (61 mg, 0.15 mmol) at RT. The mixture was cooled to −20° C., and then was treated with a 223-2 (35 mg, 0.21 mmol) solution dropwise over a period of 10 mins. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 15 mins., and then was treated with NMI (27 mg, 0.33 mmol). The mixture was stirred at −20° C., and then slowly warmed to RT. The mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was suspended in EA (15 mL), washed with brine (10 mL) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solution was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1) to give 223-3 (60 mg, yield: 56%) as a solid.

A solution of 223-3 (60 mg, 0.085 mmol) in 80% AcOH aqueous (2 mL) was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by a silica gel column eluting DCM/MeOH=50/1 and prep-HPLC to give 223 (23 mg, 62%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 436.3 [M+H]⁺.

Example 122 Compound 224

224-2 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 223-2 using a solution of iso-butanol (23.9 g, 322.98 mmol) and POCl₃ (49.5 g, 322.98 mmol). 224-2 (26 g, 42% yield) was obtained as a colorless liquid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=4.10 (dd, J=9.04, 6.39 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (dq, J=13.24, 6.67, 6.67, 6.67, 6.67 Hz, 1H), 1.01 (d, J=6.62 Hz, 6H); ³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=7.06 (br. s., 1P).

To a stirred suspension of 227-A (310 mg, 0.5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added TEA (202 mg, 2 mmol) at RT. The mixture was cooled to −20° C., and then was treated with 224-2 (134 mg, 0.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 15 mins and then was treated with NMI (90 mg, 1.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 1 h., and then slowly warmed to RT overnight. The mixture was suspended in EA (15 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica column gel (DCM: MeOH=100:1) to give 224-3 (310 mg, yield: 84%) as a solid.

A solution of 224-3 (310 mg, 0.43 mmol) in 80% AcOH aqueous (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by a silica gel column eluting DCM/MeOH=50/1 and prep-HPLC to give 224 (79 mg, 50%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 464.0 [M+H]⁺.

Example 123 Compound 225

225-2 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 223-2 using a solution of isopropyl alcohol (21 g, 350 mmol) and POCl₃ (53.6 g, 350 mmol). 225-2 (40.5 g, 65% yield) was obtained as a colorless liquid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=4.94-5.10 (m, 1H), 1.48 (d, J=6.17 Hz, 6H); ³¹P-NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=5.58 (br. s., 1P).

225-3 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 224-3 using 225-2 (124 mg, 0.7 mmol) and 227-A (310 mg, 0.5 mmol). 225-3 (300 mg, 83%) was obtained as a solid.

225 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 224 using 225-3 (300 mg, 0.41 mmol) in 80% AcOH aqueous (4 mL). 225 (80 mg, 43%) was obtained as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 450.0 [M+H]⁺.

Example 124 Compound 227

To a stirred solution of POCl₃ (2.0 g, 13 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added 1-naphthol (1.88 g, 13 mmol) at −70° C., and TEA (1.31 g, 13 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) dropwise at −70° C. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT and stirred for 1 h. Crude 227-1 was obtained.

To a stirred solution of (S)-isopropyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (2.17 g, 13 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added crude 227-1 at −70° C. TEA (2.63 g, 26 mmol) was added to the stirred solution dropwise at −70° C. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS and quenched with n-propylamine. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by a silica gel column (PE:MTBE=5:1˜1:1) to give pure 227-2 (1.6 g, 35%).

To a solution of 227-A (300 mg, 0.337 mmol) and NMI (276 mg, 3.37 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (4 mL) was added 227-2 (240 mg, 0.674 mol, in DCM (5 mL)) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 10 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by sil-gel (PE:EA=5:1˜2:1) to give 227-3 (380 mg, 93%).

227-3 (380 mg, 0.314 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃COOH (80%, 8 mL), and stirred at 40-50° C. for 2.5 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by chromatography (PE:EA=1:1˜EA) to give crude 227. The crude product was purified by prep-HPLC (neutral system, NH₄HCO₃) to give pure 227 (70 mg, 80%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 665.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 125 Compound 228

To a stirred solution of POCl₃ (2.0 g, 13 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added 1-naphthol (1.88 g, 13 mmol) at −70° C. and TEA (1.31 g, 13 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) dropwise at −70° C. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 1 h. A crude solution of 228-1 was obtained.

To a stirred solution of (S)-isobutyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (2.35 g, 13 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added TEA (2.63 g, 26 mmol) and a crude solution of 228-1 at −70° C. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS and quenched with n-propylamine. The solvent was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by chromatography (PE:MTBE=5:1˜1:1) to give pure 228-2 (1.8 g, 37%).

To a solution of 227-A (300 mg, 0.337 mmol) and NMI (276 mg, 3.37 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (4 mL) was added 228-2 (249 mg, 0.674 mol, in DCM (5 mL)) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 10 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS, and then quenched with H₂O. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography using PE:EA=5:1˜2:1 as the eluent to give 228-3 (360 mg, 87%).

228-3 (360 mg, 0.294 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃COOH (80%, 8 mL), and stirred at 40-50° C. for 2.5 h. The reaction was monitored by LCMS and then quenched with MeO. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by chromatography using PE:EA=1:1 as the eluent to generate crude 228. The product purified by prep-HPLC (neutral system, NH₄HCO₃) to give 228 (70 mg, 75%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 679.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 126 Compound 229

To a stirred solution of POCl₃ (2.0 g, 13 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added phenol (1.22 g, 13 mmol) at −70° C. and TEA (1.31 g, 13 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) dropwise at −70° C. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 1 h. A crude solution of 229-1 was obtained.

229 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 228 using 229-2 (205 mg, 0.674 mol, in DCM (5 mL) obtained from (S)-isopropyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride and 229-1) and 227-A (300 mg, 0.337 mmol). 229 (50 mg, 74%) was obtained as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 615.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 127 Compound 230

230 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 228 using 230-2 (214 mg, 0.674 mol, in DCM (5 mL) obtained from (S)-isobutyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride and 230-1) and 227-A (300 mg, 0.337 mmol). 230 (70 mg, 87%) was obtained as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 629.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 128 Compound 231

231 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 228 using 231-2 (223 mg, 0.674 mol, DCM (5 mL) obtained from (S)-cyclopentyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride and 231-1) and 227-A (300 mg, 0.337 mmol). 231 (62 mg, 71%) was obtained as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 641.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 129 Compound 232

232 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 228 using 232-2 (223 mg, 0.674 mol, DCM (5 mL), obtained from (S)-3-pentyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride and 232-1) and 227-A (300 mg, 0.337 mmol). 232 (42 mg, 60%) was obtained as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 643.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 130 Compound 233

A stirred solution of phosphoryl trichloride (1.00 g, 6.58 mmol) and 5-quinoline (955 mg, 6.58 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was treated with a solution of TEA (665 mg, 6.58 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 2 h. The solution was cooled to −78° C. and then treated with (S)-neopentyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (1.28 g, 6.58 mmol). TEA (1.33 g, 13.16 mmol) was added dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was gradually warmed to RT, and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in methyl-butyl ether. The precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (pure AcOEt) to give 233-1 as colorless oil (500 mg, 20%).

To a solution of 233-2 (300 mg, 0.337 mmol) and NMI (276.6 mg, 3.37 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (0.9 mL) was added 233-1 (388 mg, 1.011 mmol) in CH₃CN (0.3 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with AcOEt. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (33% EA in PE) to give 233-3 as a yellow powder (300 mg, 71.9%).

233-3 (300 mg, 0.243 mmol) was dissolved in 80% CH₃COOH (3 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2.5 h. The mixture was partitioned between AcOEt and water. The organic layer phase was washed by brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (50% EA in PE) to give 233 as a yellow powder (81 mg, crude product). The crude product (81 mg) was purified by RP HPLC to give 233 as a white solid. (28.7 mg, 17.1%). ESI-LCMS: m/z 694.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 131 Compound 234

234-1 was prepared using a similar procedure as for the preparation of 233-1 using phosphoryl trichloride (2.00 g, 13.16 mmol), 1-naphthol (1.882 g, 13.16 mmol) and (S)-neopentyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride (2.549 g, 13.16 mmol). 234-1 (600 mg, 12%) was obtained as a colorless oil.

A solution of 234-2 (230 mg 0.26 mmol) and NMI (212 mg 2.60 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (1 mL) was treated with a solution of 234-1 (300 mg 0.78 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (CH₃OH in CH₂Cl₂ from 1% to 5%) to give 234-3 (300 mg, 93%) as a white solid.

234-3 (300 mg, 0.24 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃COOH (80%, 5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2.5 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (30 mL) and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (CH₃OH in CH₂Cl₂ from 1% to 5%) to give crude 234 (105 mg). The crude product was purified by HPLC (0.1% NH₄HCO₃ in water and CH₃CN) to give 234 (45 mg, 26%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 693.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 132 Compound 235

A stirred solution of 235-1 (2.00 g, 13.99 mmol) and 235-2 (2.00 g, 13.99 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (8 mL) was treated with a solution of TEA (3.11 g, 30.8 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was stirred for 2 h. at −78° C. and then gradually warmed to RT. The organic solvent was removed at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in methyl-butyl ether. The precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (dry DCM) to give 235-3 as colorless oil (1 g, 20.96%).

235-4 (260 mg, 0.29 mmol) was coevaporated with toluene 3 times to remove H₂O. Dried 235-4 was treated with MeCN (0.8 mL) and NMI (240 mg, 2.9 mmol) and then stirred for 10 mins. The mixture was treated with a solution of 235-3 (291 mg, 0.87 mmol) in MeCN (0.4 mL), and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (75% EA in PE)) to give 235-5 (300 mg, 86%) as a white solid.

235-5 (300 mg, 0.25 mmol) was treated with CH₃COOH (5 mL, 80%), and stirred at 50° C. for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with EA. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (67% EA in PE) to give crude 235, which was purified by HPLC. The product was dried by lyophilization to give 235 (30 mg, 18.5%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 643 [M+H]⁺.

Example 133 Compound 247

247-1 (50 mg, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in 80% formic acid (3 mL) and heated at 50° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated, co-evaporated with water to remove the acid. The residue was dissolved in a mixture of methanol and triethylamine (3 mL, 4:1 v:v). After 0.5 h, the solvent was evaporated. The nucleoside was lyophilized from water to yield 247 (40 mg, 97%). MS: m/z 315.5 [M−1].

Example 134 Compound 248

To a stirred solution of 248-1 (15.0 g, 50.2 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (180 mL) was added BzCl (23.3 g, 165.5 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 12 h at RT. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with sat.NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The organic phase was concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (15% EtOAc in PE) to give 248-2 (27 g, 93.5%) as a white solid.

248-2 (27.0 g, 47 mmol) was dissolved in 90% HOAc (250 mL). The mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 12 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with EA and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure to give crude 248-3 (21.7 g, crude) as a light yellow solid.

248-3 (21.7 g, 45.9 mmol) was treated with NH₃/MeOH (600 mL) and stirred at RT for 12 h. The solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 248-4 (12 g, 99%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 248-4 (15.0 g, 56.8 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (200 mL) was added imidazole (7.7 g, 113.6 mmol) and TBSCl (9.4 g, 62.5 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with EA and washed with sat. NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The organic phase was concentrated at a low pressure to give crude 248-5 (21.3 g, crude) as a light yellow solid.

To a stirred solution of 248-5 (21.3 g, crude) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) was added collidine (6.8 g, 56.8 mmol), MMTrCl (17.8 g, 56.8 mmol) and AgNO₃ (9.6 g, 56.8 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solid was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was washed with sat.NaHCO₃ aq. solution and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (5% EA in PE) to give 248-6 (32 g, 87%) as a light yellow solid.

248-6 (32 g, 49.2 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of TBAF in THF (1M, 4.0 eq.) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with EA and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low procedure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (33% EA in PE) to give 248-7 (21.0 g, 79%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 248-7 (21.0 g, 38.8 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (200 mL) was added pyridine (9.2 mL, 116.4 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (49 g, 116.4 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution and sat. NaHCO₃ aq. solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude product (21.0 g).

The crude product (21.0 g, crude) was dissolved in dioxane (200 mL) and treated with 37% aqueous formaldehyde (20 mL, 194 mmol) and 2.0 N aqueous sodium hydroxide (37.5 mL, 77.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solution was treated with NaBH₄ (8.8 g, 232.8 mmol). After stirring for 0.5 h at RT, the reaction was quenched with ice water. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (4% MeOH in DCM) to give 248-8 (10.0 g, 50.5%) as a white foam.

248-8 (4.8 g, 8.5 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (2×). The residue was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (45 mL) and pyridine (6.7 g, 85 mmol). The solution was cooled to 0° C. Triflic anhydride (4.8 g, 18.7 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 mins. At 0° C., the mixture was stirred over 40 mins and monitored by TLC (PE: EA=1:1). The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL). The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE: EA=100:0-4:1) to give 248-9 (6.1 g, 86.4%) as a brown foam.

248-9 (6.1 g, 7.3 mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (25 mL). A solution of TBAF in THF (1M, 25 mL) was added at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. A solution of TBAF in THF (1M, 15 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 4 h. The mixture was treated with aq. NaOH (1N, 14.6 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with EA. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 248-10 (2.1 g, 50.6%) as a white solid.

248-10 (700 mg, 1.23 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (40 mL) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (40 mL) and stirred for 12 h. The solvent was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 248 (210 mg, 57.7%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 296.9 [M+H]⁺.

Example 135 Compound 250

A mixture of 250-1 (120 g, 0.26 mol) and IBX (109 g, 0.39 mol) in CH₃CN (2.0 L) was heated to refluxed and stirred for 12 h. After cooling down to RT, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness at low pressure.

250-2 (130 g, crude, 0.26 mol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene (3×). Vinyl magnesium bromide (700 mL, 0.78 mol, 1.0 N in THF) was added dropwise into a solution of 250-2 in THF (300 mL) over 30 mins at −78° C., and the mixture was stirred for about 1 h at RT. When the starting material was consumed as determined by TLC, the mixture was poured into a sat. NH₄Cl solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure.

To a solution of the above residue (170 g, crude, 0.346 mol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added TEA (105 g, 1.04 mol), DMAP (84 g, 0.69 mol), and benzoyl chloride (146 g, 1.04 mol), and stirred for 12 h at RT. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The combined aq. phase was extracted with DCM (100 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography using EA in PE (10% to 50%) to get 250-3 (107 g, 52%).

A mixture of uracil (co-evaporated with toluene (2×)) and NOBSA (81.4 g, 0.4 mol) and CH₃CN (150 mL) was stirred to reflux for 1.5 h. After cooling to RT, the mixture was treated with 250-3 (59 g, 0.1 mol) and TMSOTf (155 g, 0.7 mol). The mixture was heated to 60-70° C., and stirred for 12 h. After cooling to RT, the mixture was poured into a sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and a solid precipitated. After filtration, pure 250-4 was obtained as a white solid (40 g, 69%) was obtained.

To a solution of 250-4 (50 g, 0.086 mol), K₂CO₃ (17.8 g, 0.13 mol) in DMF (50 mL) was added PMBCl (16 g, 0.1 mol) at 0° C., and stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give 250-5 (65 g).

A mixture of 250-5 (65 g, 0.086 mol) and NaOMe (16.8 g, 0.3 mol) in MeOH:DCM (500 mL, v:v=4:1) was stirred at RT for 2.5 h. The reaction was quenched with CO₂ (solid) and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (200 mL). The solution was washed with water, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (4% MeOH in DCM) to give 250-6 as a yellow foam (25 g, 75%).

To a mixture of 250-6 (25.5 g, 0.065 mol) in DMF (60 mL) was added NaH (10.5 g, 0.26 mol, 60% in coal oil) BnBr (36.3 g, 0.21 mol) in an ice bath, and stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl (aq.), and the mixture was diluted with EA (150 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydride Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by sil-gel (15% EA in PE) to give 250-7 (20 g, 46%).

To a solution of 250-7 (20 g, 0.03 mol) and NMMO (7 g, 0.06 mol) in THF:H₂O (100 mL, v:v=5:1) was added OsO₄ (2.6 g, 0.01 mol) at RT, and stirred at RT for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure.

To a solution of diol-product (0.03 mol) in MeOH:H₂O:THF (v:v:v=170 mL:30 mL:50 mL) was added NaIO₄ (9.6 g, 0.045 mol) at RT, and stirred at RT for 2 h. After filtration, the filter was used directly for the next step.

The previous solution was treated with NaBH₄ (1.8 g, 0.048 mol) at 0° C., and stirred at RT for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with HCl (1 N) solution. The mixture was extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by sil-gel (25% EA in PE, TLC:PE:EA=2:1, Rf=0.6) to give 250-8 (12 g, 61% over 3 steps).

To a solution of 250-8 (14 g, 21 mmol) and DMAP (5.1 g, 42 mmol) in DCM (60 mL) was added MsCl (3.1 g, 27 mmol) at 0° C., and stirred at RT for 40 mins. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was washed with HCl (0.2 N) solution, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by sil-gel (25% EA in PE) to give the Ms-product (14 g, 90%) as a white solid.

Ms-product (41 g, 55 mmol) was treated with TBAF (Alfa, 1 N in THF, 500 mL), and stirred at 70-80° C. for 3 days. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (200 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by sil-gel column (25% EA in PE) to give 250-9 (9.9 g, 27%).

To a solution of 250-9 (6.3 g, 9.45 mmol) in CAN:H₂O (v:v=3:1, 52 mL) was added CAN (15.5 g, 28.3 mmol), and stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (25% EA in PE) to give 250-10 (3.6 g, 71%) as a yellow oil.

To a solution of 250-10 (2.4 g, 4.4 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added BCl₃ (1 N, 30 mL) at −70° C., and stirred for 2 h at −70° C. The reaction was quenched with MeOH at −70° C. The mixture was concentrated directly under 35° C. at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE to 100% EA) to give 250-11 (1.2 g, 86%). ESI-MS: m/z 277.1 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of PPh₃ (3.37 g, 12.8 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL) was added I₂ (3.06 g, 12 mmol) at 0° C., and stirred at RT for 30 mins until the orange color appeared. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., and treated with 250-11 (2.2 g, 8 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL), and stirred at RT under N₂ for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with Na₂S₂O₃ (sat., 30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (1% to 2% MeOH in DCM) to give 250-12 (1.8 g, 58%) as a light yellow foam.

A mixture of 250-12 (1.35 g, 3.5 mmol) and DBU (1.06 g, 7 mmol) in THF:CH₃CN (v:v=10 mL:5 mL) was stirred at 60-70° C. for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (50 mL), and adjusted to pH=7-8 with HCl (0.2 N) solution. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 250-13 (0.5 g, 55%).

To a solution of 250-13 (670 mg, 2.6 mmol) in CH₃CN (6 mL) was added NIS (730 mg, 3.25 mmol) and 3HF.TEA (335 mg, 2.1 mmol) at 0° C., and stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with NaHCO₃ (sat.) solution and Na₂S₂O₃ (sat.) solution, and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE and 2% MeOH in DCM) to give 250-14 (1.2 g, 80%) as a brown oil.

To a solution of 250-14 (1.0 g, 2.47 mmol), DMAP (0.75 g, 6.2 mmol) and TEA (0.75 g, 7.42 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added BzCl (1.15 g, 8.16 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) at 0° C., and stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with NaHCO₃ (aq.) solution. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (30% EA in PE) to give 250-15 (850 mg, 85%).

A mixture of 250-15 (600 mg, 1 mmol), BzONa (1.45 g, 10 mmol), and 15-crown-5 (2.2 g, 10 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) was stirred at 90-100° C. for 24 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (20 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (30% EA in PE) to give 250-16 (275 mg, 37%) as a light yellow foam.

A mixture of 250-16 (250 mg, 0.41 mmol) in NH₃.MeOH (7 N, 5 mL) was stirred at RT for 15 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure directly. The residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE) and re-purified by prep-HPLC to give 250 (33 mg, 25%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 295.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 136 Compound 126

To a solution of 126-1 (3.0 g, 11.15 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (90 mL) was added imidazole (3.03 g, 44.59 mmol) and TBSCl (6.69 g, 44.59 mmol) at 25° C. under N₂ atmosphere. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 15 h. The solution was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA. The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The solvent was removed at low pressure to give crude 126-2 (4.49 g, 90%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 126-2 (3.5 g, 7.04 mmol) in a mixture of EA and EtOH (1:1, 55 mL) was added TsOH (10.7 g, 56.34 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 8 h. Water (30 mL) was added, and the solution was removed to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (10% MeOH in DCM) to give 126-3 (1.75 g, 65%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 126-3 (3.4 g, 8.88 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (17 mL) was added collidine (4.3 g, 35.51 mmol), AgNO₃ (5.50 g, 35.51 mmol) and MMTrCl (8.02 g, 26.63 mmol) at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. MeOH (20 mL) was added, and the solvent was removed to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 126-4 (5.76 g, 70%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 126-4 (2.0 g, 2.16 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added Cl₂CHCOOH (2.8 g, 21.57 mmol) dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was warmed to −10° C. and stirred at this temperature for 20 mins. The reaction was quenched with sat.NaHCO₃ at −10° C. The mixture was extracted with DCM, washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The solution was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 126-5 (0.99 g, 70%) as a white foam.

To a stirred solution of 126-5 (3.5 g, 5.34 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (35 mL) was added DCC (3.30 g, 16.03 mmol) and Py.TFA (1.03 g, 5.34 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with cold water at 0° C., and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The precipitate was filtered. The organic layers were washed with brine (3×) and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure to give crude 126-6 (3.5 g) as a yellow oil.

To a stirred solution of 126-6 (3.5 g, 5.34 mmol) in MeCN (35 mL) was added 37% HCHO (11.1 mL) and TEA (4.33 g, 42.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The mixture was treated with EtOH (26 mL) and NaBH₄ (3.25 g, 85.5 mmol) and then stirred for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (from 10% EA in PE to 50% DCM in PE) to give 126-7 (1.46 g, 40%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 126-7 (1.85 g, 2.7 mmol) in pyridine (24 mL) and DCM (9.6 mL) was added DMTrCl (1.3 g, 3.9 mmol) at −35° C. under N₂ atmosphere. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. The mixture was treated with MeOH (15 mL) and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (EA in PE from 10% to 30%) to give 126-8 (1.60 g, 60%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 126-8 (1.07 g, 1.08 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (5 mL) was added AgNO₃ (0.65 g, 3.79 mmol) and TBDPSCl (1.04 g, 3.79 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (50 mL). The resulting solution was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (10% EA in PE) to give 126-9 (0.93 g, 70%) as a white foam.

To a stirred solution of 126-9 (1 g, 0.82 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (13.43 mL) was added Cl₂CHCOOH (2.69 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 20 mins. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The organic phase was purified by column chromatography (MeOH in DCM form 0.5% to 2%) to give 126-10 (0.48 g, 65%) as a solid.

To an ice cold solution of 126-10 (0.4 g, 0.433 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (2.7 mL) was added pyridine (171 mg, 2.17 mmol) and Tf₂O (183 mg, 0.65 mmol) by dropwise at −35° C. The mixture was stirred at −10° C. for 20 mins. The reaction was quenched with ice water and stirred for 30 mins. The mixture was extracted with DCM (3×20 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure to give crude 126-11 (0.46 g), which was used for next step without further purification.

To a solution of 126-11 (0.46 g, 0.43 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (2.5 mL) was added NaN₃ (42 mg, 0.65 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 16 h. The solution was diluted with water and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (EA in PE from 5% to 15%) to give 126-12 (0.31 g, 70%) as a solid.

To a solution of 126-12 (0.31 g, 0.33 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added NH₄F (0.36 g, 9.81 mmol) at 70° C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 24 h. The mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified on silica gel column (MeOH in DCM from 0.5% to 2.5%) to give 126-13 (117 mg, 60%) as a white solid.

126-13 (300 mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in 80% of HOAc (20 mL). The mixture was stirred at 55° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 126 (100 mg, 61.3%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS: m/z 325.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 137 Compound 137

To a stirred solution of 146-1 (80 mg, 0.14 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (0.092 mL, 1.12 mmol) at 0° C. (ice/water bath). A solution of phenyl (isopropoxy-L-alaninyl) phosphorochloridate (128 mg, 0.42 mmol, dissolved in CH₃CN (0.5 mL)) was then added (prepared according to a general procedure as described in McGuigan et al., J. Med. Chem. (2008) 51:5807-5812). The solution was stirred at 0 to 5° C. for h and then stirred at RT for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C., diluted with EA followed by the addition of water (5 mL). The solution was washed with 1.0M citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with MgSO₄. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with EA/hexanes (25-100% gradient) to give 137-1 (57.3 mg, 49%) as a foam.

137-1 (57.3 mg, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (68 μL, 0.27 mmol) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h, and anhydrous EtOH (100 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (1-7% gradient) and lypholized to give 137 (27.8 mg, 72%) as a white foam. ESI-LCMS: m/z=571.1 [M+H]⁺, 1141.2 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 138 Compound 138

138-1 (68.4 mg, 44.7%) was prepared from 146-1 (100 mg, 0.174 mmol) and bis(tert-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (126 mg, 0.35 mmol) with DIPEA (192 L, 1.04 mmol), BOP-Cl (133 mg, 0.52 mmol), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (59 mg, 0.52 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) in the same manner as 169-4.

138 (31.4 mg, 67%) was prepared from 138-1 (68 mg, 0.077 mmol) in the same manner as 146. ESI-LCMS: m/z=627.15 [M+Na]⁺, 1219.25 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 139 Compound 139

To a solution of 146-1 (100 mg, 0.175 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2 mL) was added 5-ethylthio-1H-tetrazole in CH₃CN (0.25M; 0.84 mL, 0.21 mmol). Bis-SATE-phosphoramidate (95 mg, 0.21 mmol) in CH₃CN (1 mL) was added at 0 to 5° C. dropwise. The mixture was stirred 2 h at 0 to 5° C. under Ar. A solution of 77% m-CPBA (78 mg, 0.35 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added, and the mixture stirred 2 h at 0 to 5° C. under Ar. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed with 1.0M citric acid, sat. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with MgSO₄. The mixture was filtered, and the solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with EA/hexanes (20-100% gradient) to give 139-1 (105 mg, 63.6%) as a white foam.

139-1 (105 mg, 0.112 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.8 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (84 μL, 0.334 mmol) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. Anhydrous EtOH (100 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT, and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (1-7% gradient) and lypholized to give 139 (42.7 mg, 57%) as a white foam ESI-LCMS: m/z=692.15 [M+Na]⁺, 1339.30 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 140 Compound 143

To a solution of N-Boc-L-Valine (620.78 mg, 2.86 mmol) and TEA (144.57 mg, 1.43 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL) was added BB (250.00 mg, 285.73 μmol). The mixture was co-evaporated with pyridine and toluene to remove water. The residue was dissolved in THF (2.5 mL). DIPEA (369.28 mg, 2.86 mmol) was added, followed by addition of BOP-Cl (363.68 mg, 1.43 mmol) and 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (162.95 mg, 1.43 mmol) at RT (18° C.). The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h and then diluted with EA (40 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (30% EA in PE) to give 143-1 (220 mg, crude) as a white foam.

143-1 (250.0 mg, 232.73 μmol) was dissolved in 80% CH₃COOH (30 mL). The solution was heated to 50° C. and stirred for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH, and the solution was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 143-2 (80.00 mg, 68.82%) as a white foam.

143-2 (78.00 mg, 156.16 μmol) was dissolved in HCl/dioxane (1.5 mL) and EA (1.5 mL) at RT (19° C.). The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The solution was concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 143 (23 mg, 31.25%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 400.20 [M+H]⁺, 799.36 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 141 Compound 154

154-1 was prepared according to the procedure described in Lefebre et al. J. Med. Chem. (1995) 38:3941-3950, which is hereby incorporated by reference for the limited purpose of its description of the preparation of 154-1.

154-2 (0.33 g, 0.5 mmol) was prepared using a similar procedure to the one used to prepare 155-6 using 155-5 and 154-1. 154-2 was obtained as a white solid. Using a similar procedure to the one used to prepare 155, 154-2 was used to prepare 154 (130 mg). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.40 (d, 1H), 6.1 (s, 1H), 5.83 (d, 1H), 4.3 (t, 2H), 4.1-4.2 (m, 6H), 3.2 (t, 4H), 1.69 (s, 4H), 1.3 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 18H); ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): −2.4 ppm.

Example 142 Compound 155

To a solution of sodium hydrosulfide (4.26 g, 76.0 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) was added t-butyryl chloride (76.2 mmol; 9.35 mL) dropwise at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. A solution of 2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethanol (57 mmol; 6.0 mL) and TEA (21 mL, 120 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated at reflux for 60 h. The mixture was filtered, and then concentrated to a small volume. The residue was dissolved in EA, and then washed with water, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product (10.0 g) was isolated and 5 grams were purified by silica gel flash column chromatography using a gradient of 0 to 100% EA in hexane to give 155-3 (4.5 g, 22 mmol) as a clear, colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 3.70-3.74 (m, 2H), 3.5-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.1 (t, 2H), 1.25 (s, 9H).

A solution 155-3 (4.5 g; 21.8 mmol) and triethylamine (6.7 mL, 87.2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) was added dropwise over 1 h to a stirred solution of N,N-diisopropylphosphorodichloridite (2.0 mL, 10.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL) under argon at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h, and then diluted with EA (200 mL). The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaCl and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a pale yellow oil. Purification by flash column chromatography using a gradient of EA (0-5%) in hexane containing 5% triethylamine afforded 155-4 (2.5 g, 4.25 mmol) as a clear, colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 3.70-3.82 (m, 4H), 3.57-3.65 (m, 10H), 3.1 (t, 4H), 1.25 (s, 18H), 1.17 (t, 12H); ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): 148.0 ppm.

155-5 (285 mg, 0.9 mmol) and DCI (175 mg, 1.5 mmol) were coevaporated twice with ACN and then dissolved in ACN (5 mL). 155-4 (790 mg, 1.35 mmol) in ACN (4 mL) was added, and the reaction was monitored by TLC. After 15 mins, tert-butylhydroperoxide (0.5 mL of 5.5M solution in decane) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 10 mins. The mixture was diluted with EA (25 mL), washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and sat. aq. NaCl solution, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography using a gradient of EA (0-100%) in hexane afforded 155-6 (0.17 g, 0.22 mmol) as a white solid. 155-6 was dissolved in 80% aq. HCOOH (5 mL). After 30 mins at RT, the solvent was removed and coevaporated twice with toluene. The residue was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) and TEA (0.2 mL) was added. After 2 mins at RT, the solvent was removed in vacuo. Purification by flash column chromatography using a gradient of methanol (0-15%) in DCM afforded 155 (90 mg). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.40 (d, 1H), 6.1 (s, 1H), 5.83 (d, 1H), 4.3 (t, 2H), 4.1-4.2 (m, 6H), 3.70-3.82 (m, 4H), 3.57-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.1 (t, 4H) 1.61 (s, 8H), 1.3 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 18H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): −1.55 ppm.

Example 143 Compound 156

156-1 (6.0 g, 31.6 mmol) was prepared using a similar procedure to the one used to prepare 155-3 using 4-chlorobutanol. 156-1 was obtained as a clear, colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 3.67 (s, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 4H), 1.25 (s, 9H).

156-2 (2.14 g, 4.0 mmol) was prepared using a similar procedure to the one used to prepare 155-4. 156-2 was obtained as a clear, colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 3.67 (m, 6H), 2.86 (t, 4H), 1.65 (m, 8H), 1.25 (s, 18H), 1.17 (t, 12H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): 143.7 ppm.

156-3 (0.23 g, 0.22 mmol) was prepared using a similar procedure to the one used to prepare 155-6 using 155-5 and 156-2. 156-3 was obtained as a white solid. Using a similar procedure to the one used to prepare 155, 156-3 was used to prepare 156 (170 mg). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 7.40 (d, 1H), 6.1 (s, 1H), 5.83 (d, 1H), 4.3 (t, 2H), 4.1-4.2 (m, 6H), 2.8 (t, 4H), 1.78 (m, 4H), 1.69 (s, 8H), 1.3 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 18H). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): −1.56 ppm.

Example 144 Compound 161

161-1 (109 mg, 0.39 mmol) and triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (0.6 mmol, prepared from 195 mg of bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate and 85 μL of Et₃N) were rendered anhydrous by coevaporating with pyridine, followed by toluene. The residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (3 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. Diisopropylethyl amine (0.2 mL, 3 eq.), BopCl (190 mg, 2 eq.), and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (81 mg, 2 eq.) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 90 mins. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried (Na₂SO₄). Purification on silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂/i-PrOH (4-10% gradient) followed by RP-HPLC purification (A: 0.1% HCOOH in water, B: 0.1% HCOOH in MeCN) yielded 161 (28 mg, 12%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.24 (d, 1H), 6.6 (br, 1H), 5.84 (d, 1H), 5.65-5.73 (m, 4H), 4.94 (m, 2H), 4.38 (m, 2H), 4.1 (b, 1H), 2.88 (d, 1H), 1.47 (d, 3H), 1.33 (m, 12H).

Example 145 Compound 157

Compound 157-1 was prepared from commercially available 3-hydroxyoxetane (5.0 g) using the procedure described for preparing 54-2 (5.6 g). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.73 (s, 2H), 5.48-5.51 (m, 1H), 4.90 (d, 2H), 4.72 (d, 2H).

Compound 157-2 was prepared from 157-1 using the procedure described for preparing 54-3 (8.0 g). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.95 (s, 2H), 5.48-5.51 (m, 1H), 4.90 (d, 2H), 4.72 (d, 2H).

Benzylphosphate (silver salt) and 157-2 (8.0 g) were reacted as described for preparing 54-4 to yield purified 157-3 (1.92 g). ¹H-NMR (CD₃CN): δ 7.39-7.42 (m, 5H), 5.62 (d, 4H), 5.39-5.42 (m, 2H), 5.15 (d, 2H), 4.80-4.83 (m, 4H), 4.56-4.60 (m, 4H). ³¹P-NMR (CD₃CN): δ−4.55 ppm.

Compound 157-3 (970 mg, 2.16 mmol) was dissolved in methanol containing triethylamine (0.3 mL, 2.16 mmol). After 3 h at R.T, the solvents were removed in vacuo to give crude 157-4 that was used without further purification.

Compound 157-5 (400 mg; 1.2 mmol) and 157-4 (900 mg, 2.16 mmol; 1.5×) were coevaporated with pyridine (2×) and toluene (2×), and then dissolved in THF (8 mL) at 0° C. Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) (0.82 mL; 4 eq.), bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl) phosphinic chloride (Bop-Cl) (0.6 g; 2 eq.), nitrotriazole (0.266 g, 2 eq.) were added. The mixture kept at 0° C. for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (50 mL) and extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×50 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvents were removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 10 to 100% gradient of EA in hexane to give purified 157-6 (175 mg, 0.6 mmol).

Purified 157-6 was dissolved in 80% aq. HCOOH (20 mL) and kept at 20° C. for 1 h. After cooling to RT, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue coevaporated with toluene (3×25 mL). The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 0 to 20% gradient of MeOH in DCM to give purified 157 (26 mg). ESI-LCMS: m/z 589.6 [M−H]⁻.

Example 146 Compound 158

Nucleoside 158-1 (from Wuxi) (44 mg, 0.15 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of trimethyl phosphate (2 mL) and dry pyridine (0.5 mL). The mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 mins at 42° C., than cooled to RT. N-Methylimidazole (0.027 mL, 0.33 mmol) was added followed by POCl₃ (0.027 mL, 0.3 mmol). The mixture was kept at RT. The reaction was monitored by LC/MS in 0-50% gradient. After 4 h, the reaction was complete. The reaction was quenched with 2M triethylammonium acetate buffer (2 mL), pH7.5 (TEAA). 158-2 was isolated on prep-HPLC (Phenomenex Synergi 4u Hydro-RP 250×21.2 mm) using a gradient of 0-30% ACN in 50 mM TEAA.

Compound 158-2 (triethylammonium salt; 45 mg, 0.1 mmol) was dried by repeated co-evaporation with dry pyridine (3×). 158-2 was dissolved in dry pyridine (1 mL) and the solution added dropwise into a boiling solution of diisopropylcarbodiimide (63 mg, 0.5 mmol) in pyridine (4 mL) over 2.5 h. The mixture was heated under reflux for 1 h. After being cooled to 25° C., the reaction was quenched with 2M TEAA buffer (2 mL) and kept at 25° C. for 1 h. The solution was concentrated to dryness, and the residual pyridine removed by coevaporated with toluene (3×2 mL). 158-3 was isolated on prep-HPLC (Phenomenex Synergi 4u Hydro-RP 250×21.2 mm) using a gradient of 0-30% ACN in 50 mM TEAA.

Compound 158-3 (triethylammonium salt; 26 mg, 0.045 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (0.5 mL) at RT under argon. To the stirred solution was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (40 uL, 0.22 mmol) followed by chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate (35 mg, 0.22 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 18 h. The mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was purified by silica column using a 0-15% gradient of MeOH in CH₂Cl₂. The fractions having 158 were pooled, and the mixture was concentrated to dryness to give 158 (2.3 mg). ESI-LCMS: m/z 467.5 [M−H]⁻.

Example 147 Compound 221

To a solution of 1,1-dimethoxycyclopentane (19.3 g, 148.52 mmol) and 221-1 (10.0 g, 37.13 mmol) in DCE (100 mL) was added TsOH.H₂O (0.7 g, 3.71 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h. The mixture was neutralized with Et₃N, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 221-2 (8.7 g, 70.1%) as a white solid.

Compound 221-2 (20.0 g, 0.06 mol) was coevaporated with anhydrous pyridine 3 times to remove H₂O. To an ice-cold solution of 221-2 in anhydrous pyridine (100 mL) was added TsCl (22.8 g, 0.12 mol) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS and TLC. The reaction was quenched with H₂O, and the mixture extracted with EA (3×200 mL). The solution was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 15:1) to give 221-3 (20.0 g, 69.0%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 221-3 (20.0 g, 0.04 mol) in acetone (200 mL) was added NaI (31.0 g, 0.2 mol), and the mixture was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with a sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution. The solution was extracted with EA (3×200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM: MeOH=100:1 to 15:1) to give 221-4 (15.0 g, 83.3%) as a white solid.

Compound 221-4 (13.4 g, 30.16 mmol) was treated with HCOOH (80%) in H₂O at RT. The solution was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (1%-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 221-5 (9.1 g, 80.0%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 221-5 (5.0 g, 13.22 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN/THF (50 mL, 1:1, v:v) was added DBU (6.0 g, 39.66 mmol) at RT. The solution was stirred at 50° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with HCOOH at 0° C., and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (50%-70% EA in PE) to give 221-6 (3.3 g, 48.1%) as a white solid.

To an ice-cold solution of 221-6 (2.1 g, 8.39 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (21 mL) was added NIS (2.4 g, 10.49 mmol) and TEA.3HF (1.0 g, 6.29 mmol) under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃ and sat. Na₂SO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and evaporated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (30%-50% EA in PE) to give 221-7 (1.3 g, 39.3%) as a light yellow solid.

To a stirred solution of 221-7 (3.2 g, 8.08 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (32 mL) was added DMAP (2.5 g, 20.20 mmol) and Et₃N (2.5 g, 24.24 mmol) at RT. The mixture was treated with BzCl (3.7 g, 26.66 mmol) at 0° C. and then stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by column chromatography (20%-30% EA in PE) to give 221-8 (1.8 g, 31.6%) as a white solid.

Bu₄NOH (8.0 g, 13.74 mL, 55% in H₂O) was adjusted to pH=3-4 with TFA, and then cooled to RT. To a solution of 221-8 (600 mg, 0.85 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added the Bu₄NOH solution and m-CPBA (917 mg, 4.25 mmol, 80%) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 48 h and then washed with a sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was directly passed through basic Al₂O₃ column, and the solvent was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (20%-30% EA in PE) to give 221-9 (123 mg, 24.3%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 221-9 (300 mg, 0.50 mmol) in EA/hexane (20 mL, 1:1, v:v) was added Lindlar catalyst (200 mg) under N₂. The mixture was stirred under H₂ (40 Psi) at 2° C. for 1.5 h. The suspension was filtered, and the filtrate was treated with Lindlar catalyst (200 mg) under N₂, and stirred under H₂ (40 Psi) at 25° C. for 1.5 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure to give crude 221-10 (287 mg) as a white solid.

Compound 221-10 (287 mg, 0.48 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (30 mL, 7 M). The mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h under N₂ and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give 221-11 (50 mg, 34.7% over two steps) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ=7.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz 1H), 6.26 (s, 1H), 5.62-5.86 (m, 1H), 5.49 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.86 (m, 1H).

Compound 221-11 (113 mg, 0.39 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene 3 times to remove H₂O. To a stirred solution of 221-11 (113 mg, 0.39 mmol) in a mixture of MeCN (0.5 mL) and NMI (320 mg, 3.90 mmol) was added a solution of 73-C (256 mg, 0.66 mmol) in MeCN (0.5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to give crude 221, which purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give 221 (45 mg, 20.1%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 538.2 [M−F]⁺ ESI-MS: m/z 580.2 [M+Na]⁺.

Example 148 Compound 222

To a solution of 221-9 (300 mg, 0.50 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added wet Pd/C (300 mg, 10%) under N₂. The mixture was stirred under H₂ (1 atm) at 25° C. for 1.5 h. The suspension was filtered, and then concentrated at low pressure to give crude 222-1 (307 mg) as a white solid.

Compound 222-1 (307 mg, 0.48 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃/MeOH (30 mL, 7 M). The mixture was stirred at RT for 24 h under N₂ then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give 222-2 (30 mg, 21% over two steps) as a white solid.

Compound 222-2 (91 mg, 0.31 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene 3 times to remove H₂O. To a stirred solution of 222-2 (91 mg, 0.31 mmol) in a mixture of MeCN (0.5 mL) and NMI (254 mg, 3.90 mmol) was added a solution 222-C (203 mg, 0.66 mmol) in MeCN (0.5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (5% MeOH in DCM) to the crude 222, which purified by prep-HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give 222 (30 mg, 17%) as a white solid. ESI-MS: m/z 540.1 [M−F]⁺.

Example 149 Compound 226

To an ice cooled solution of 226-1 (50 g, 204.9 mmol) in dry Py (400 mL) was added TIPDSCl (70.78 g, 225.4 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography using 20% EA in PE to generate 226-2 (111.5 g, 100%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 226-2 (50 g, 103 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (400 mL) was added IBX (43 g, 153 mmol) at RT. The mixture was refluxed overnight and monitored by TLC (PE:EA=1:1). The precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated to give the crude 226-3 (50 g, 99%) as a white solid.

To a solution of trimethylsilylacetylene (20 g, 200 mmol) in anhydrous THF (400 mL) was added dropwise n-BuLi (80 mL, 200 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 mins, and then warmed to R.T for 10 mins. Compound 226-3 (30 g, 60 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added to the mixture dropwise at −78° C. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h and then slowly warmed to RT. The mixture was stirred for 20 mins, and then the reaction was quenched with a sat. NH₄Cl solution at −78° C. The mixture was diluted with EA. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (15% EA in PE) to give 226-4 as a white solid (14 g, 50%).

Compound 226-4 (14 g, 24 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (100 mL) under N₂ and cooled to −78° C. DAST (19 g, 120 mmol) was added dropwise at −78° C. and stirring was continued for 1.5 h. The mixture was diluted with EA and poured into a sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 226-5 as a white solid (12 g, 81%).

A mixture of 226-5 (12 g, 20 mmol) and NH₄F (11 g, 30 mmol) in MeOH (150 mL) was refluxed for 2 h. After cooling to R.T, the mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 226-6 (3.1 g, 58%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 226-6 (3.1 g, 11.6 mmol) in dry Py (50 mL) was added imidazole (3.1 g, 46.4 mmol) and TBSCl (5.2 g, 34.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50-60° C. for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA (100 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 226-7 as a white solid (5 g, 86%).

To a solution of 226-7 (4.5 g, 9 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (45 mL) was added CuBr (643 mg, 4.5 mmol), dicyclohexylamine (3.3 g, 18 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (675 mg, 22.5 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 24 h and then cooled to RT. The reaction was quenched with a sat. NH₄Cl solution. The mixture was extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (15% EA in PE) to give 226-8 as a white solid (2.0 g, 43%).

A mixture of 226-8 (2 g, 4 mmol) and NH₄F (2.2 g, 60 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was refluxed overnight. After cooling to RT, the mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 226-9 (946 mg, 83%) as a white solid.

To a stirred suspension of 226-9 (946 mg, 3.33 mmol), PPh₃ (1.3 g, 5 mmol), imidazole (453 mg, 6.66 mmol) and pyridine (3 mL) in anhydrous THF (12 mL) was added a solution of I₂ (1 g, 4.33 mmol) in THF (4 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to RT and stirred for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with a sat. Na₂S₂O₃ aq. solution and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (2% MeOH in DCM to 5% MeOH in DCM) to afford 226-10 (2.1 g, crude) as a white solid.

To a solution of 226-10 (2.1 g, 5.3 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added DBU (15 g, 100 mmol) and the mixture stirred for 30 mins. The mixture was diluted with EA and neutralized with acetic acid. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1.5% MeOH in DCM) to give 226-11 as a white solid (800 mg, 90%).

To an ice-cooled solution of 226-11 (800 mg, 3 mmol) in dry MeCN (1.5 mL) was added NEt₃.3HF (484 mg, 3 mmol) and NIS (1.68 g, 7.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins., and the reaction was monitored by LCMS. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂S₂O₃ and sat. NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (25% EA in PE) to afford 226-12 (850 mg, 68%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 226-12 (850 mg, 2 mmol) in dry DCM (10 mL) was added DMAP (488 mg, 4 mmol) and BzCl (422 mg, 3 mol). The mixture was stirred for 4-5 h at RT, and the reaction was monitored by LCMS. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL), and washed with a sat. NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 226-13 (900 mg, 87%) as a white foam.

Tetra-butylammonium hydroxide (21 mL as 54-56% aqueous solution, ˜42 mmol, 24 eq.) was adjusted with TFA to pH ˜4 (˜3.5 mL), and the solution was treated with a solution of 226-13 (900 mg, 1.7 mmol) in DCM (21 mL). m-Chloroperbenzoic acid (2.1 g, 60-70%, ˜8.75 mmol, ˜5 eq.) was added portionwise under vigorous stirring, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), and washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography in (40-70% EA in PE) to give 226-14 as an oil. The residue was purified by TLC (50% EA in PE) to give pure 226-14 (350 mg 50%).

Compound 226-14 (350 mg, 0.86 mg) was treated with 7N NH₃ in MeOH (15 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2-3 h and monitored by TLC. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% isopropanol in DCM) to give 226-15 (250 mg, 96%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 M Hz) δ=7.75 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.60-6.35 (m, 1H), 5.72 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.37-5.25 (m, 1H), 5.17-5.06 (m, 1H), 5.04-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.87-3.70 (m, 2H).

To a stirred solution of 226-16 (3.79 g, 18 mmol) and 226-17 (3 g, 18 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (60 mL) was added with a solution of TEA (4 g, 39 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) dropwise at −78° C., and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was dissolved in methyl-butyl ether. The precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give the crude product. The residue was purified by dry column chromatography (anhydrous DCM) to give pure 226-18 as a colorless oil (3 g, 54%).

Compound 226-15 (200 mg, 0.66 mmol) was coevaporated with toluene 3 times to remove H₂O. Compound 226-15 was treated with MeCN (1.5 mL) and NMI (541 mg, 6.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT, and then 226-18 (403 mg, 1.32 mmol) in MeCN (0.5 mL) was added. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (5% iPrOH in DCM) to give the crude product, which was purified by HPLC (0.1% HCOOH in water and MeCN) to give 226 (33 mg, 9%). ESI-LCMS: m/z 594 [M+Na]⁺.

Example 150 Compounds 265 and 266

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-1 (100 g, 384.20 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1000 mL) at RT. NaH (11.8 g, 491.67 mmol, 1.20 eq.) was added in several batches and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. (bromomethyl)benzene (78.92 g, 461.44 mmol, 1.20 eq.) was added at 0° C. and the solution was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was quenched with water. The solution was diluted with EA (2000 mL), washed with aq. NaCl (3×500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with EA:PE (1:10) to yield 266-2 (105 g, 78%).

Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 266-2 (100 g, 285.38 mmol, 1.00 eq.), acetic acid (300 mL) and water (100 mL). The solution was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was then diluted with EA (2000 mL), washed with aq. NaCl (2×500 mL) and aq. sodium bicarbonate (3×500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Crude 266-3 (64 g) was obtained as light yellow oil. ESI MS m/z: 333 [M+Na]⁺.

Into a 5000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-3 (140 g, 451.11 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in MeOH (500 mL). A solution of sodium periodate (135.2 g, 632.10 mmol, 1.40 eq.) in water (1000 mL) was added. The solution was stirred at RT for 1 h, then diluted with EA (2000 mL), washed with sat. NaCl solution (3×500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid was dried in an oven under reduced pressure to yield crude 266-4 (97 g) as yellow oil

Into a 3000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-4 (100 g, 359.32 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (500 mL) at RT. Water (500 mL) was added. To the mixture was added a NaOH solution (600 mL, 2 N in water) at 0° C. followed by aq. formaldehyde (240 mL, 37%). The solution was stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was diluted with EA (1500 mL), washed with sat. NaCl solution (3×500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with EA:PE (1:1) to give 266-5 (52.5 g, 47%) as a white solid. ESI MS m/z: 333 [M+Na]⁺.

Into a 3000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-5 (76 g, 244.89 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in acetonitrile (1500 mL) at RT. NaH (6.76 g, 281.67 mmol, 1.15 eq.) was added in several batches at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 15 mins, then (bromomethyl)benzene (48.2 g, 281.82 mmol, 1.15 eq.) was added. The solution was stirred overnight at RT. The reaction was quenched with water, diluted with EA (3000 mL), washed with aq. NH₄Cl (3×500 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with EA:PE (1:5) to yield 266-6 (50 g, 51%) as a yellow oil. ESI MS m/z: 423 [M+Na]⁺.

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (6.6 mL, 2.00 eq.) in toluene (10 mL) at RT. 266-6 (10 g, 24.97 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in toluene (120 mL) was added at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 3 h at 60° C. in an oil bath. The mixture was cooled to 0° C., diluted with EA (300 mL), washed with sat. NaCl solution (3×50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduce pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with EA:PE (1:5) ti give 266-7 (5000 mg, 50%) as a yellow oil. ESI MS m/z: 425 [M+Na]⁺.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of N₂, was placed 266-7 (10 g, 23.61 mmol, 1.00 eq., 95%) in acetic acid (80 mL). Acetic anhydride (6 mL) and sulfuric acid (0.05 mL) were added. The solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. The mixture was then diluted with EA (500 mL), washed with water (3×200 mL) and aq. sodium bicarbonate (3×200 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with EA:PE (1:10˜1:5) to yield 266-8 (6 g, 54%) as a yellow oil. ESI MS m/z: 469 [M+Na]⁺.

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask purged, was placed a solution of 266-8 (4 g, 8.96 mmol, 1.00 eq.), 10% Pd—C catalyst (4 g) in MeOH/DCM (25 mL/25 mL). To this mixture was introduced H₂ (gas) in, ˜3 atmospheric pressure. The solution was stirred for 48 h at RT. The solids were collected by filtration, and the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to give 266-9 (0.7 g, 29%) of as a colorless oil.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 266-9 (2000 mg, 7.51 mmol, 1.00 eq.), Ac₂O (8 mL), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (183.2 mg, 0.20 eq.) in pyridine (8 mL). The solution was stirred for 3 h at RT. The reaction was a sat. sodium bicarbonate solution. The solution was diluted with EA (200 mL), washed with sat. NaCl solution (3×50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with EA:PE (1:7) to yield (1500 mg, 57%) of 266-10 as a white solid. ESI MS m/z: 373 [M+Na]⁺.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-10 (300 mg, 0.86 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (3 mL) at RT. Trimethylsilanecarbonitrile (169 mg, 1.70 mmol, 2.00 eq.) was added at RT, followed by tetrachlorostannane (223 mg, 0.86 mmol, 1.00 eq.) at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate solution. The solution was diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with sat. NaCl solution (2×10 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with PE:EA (5:1) to give 266-11 (110 mg, 40%) as a yellow oil. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ ppm 5.67˜5.75 (m, 2H), 4.25˜4.78 (m, 5H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3HI

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 266-11 (200 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1.00 eq.), NBS (223 mg, 1.25 mmol, 2.00 eq.) in tetrachloromethane (5 mL). The solution was heated under reflux for 3 h over a 250 W tungsten lamp, and then cooled to RT. The reaction was quenched sat. sodium bicarbonate solution. The solution was EA (100 mL), washed with sat. NaCl solution (3×20 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with PE:EA (7:1) to give 266-12 (120 mg, 48%) as a yellow oil. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ ppm 6.03 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.30 (m, 4H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H).

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of argon, was placed a solution of N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-4-yl)benzamide (54.3 mg, 2.00 eq.) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (5 mg) in HMDS (3 mL). The solution was stirred overnight at 120° C. in an oil bath. The solution was concentrated under vacuum, and the residue was dissolved DCE (1 mL) under Ar. A solution of 266-12 (50 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in MeCN (1 mL) was added followed by AgOTf (32.5 mg, 1.00 eq.). The solution was stirred for 3 h at 80° C. in a 10-mL sealed tube. After cooling to RT, the solution was diluted with EA (50 mL), washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate solution (3×10 mL) and sat. NaCl (2×10 mL) solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column with DCM:MeOH (15:1) to yield 266-13 (30 mg, 45%) as a yellow oil. ESI MS m/z: 428 [M+H]⁺.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-13 (100 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in ACN (3 mL). 4-dimethylaminopyridine (28.5 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1.00 eq.) and TEA (71 mg, 0.70 mmol, 3.00 eq.) was added followed by TPSCl (212.8 mg, 0.70 mmol, 3.00 eq.). The solution was stirred for 3 h at RT, and then concentrated under vacuum. Crude 266-14 (200 mg) was obtained as a yellow oil.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-14 (140 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in ACN (3 mL) and ammonium oxidanide (3 mL). The solution was stirred for 4 h at 35° C. in an oil bath. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC (Prep-HPLC-020): Column, XBridge Prep C18 OBD Column, 19*150 mm 5 um 13 nm; mobile phase, WATER WITH 0.05% TFA and ACN (35.0% ACN up to 48.0% in 8 mins); Detector, nm to yield 266 (21.3 mg, 25%) as a white solid. ESI MS m/z: 301.1 [M+1]⁺.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of 266-13 (50 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.00 eq.), sat. NH₄OH (2 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (2 mL). The solution was stirred for 2 h at RT. After concentrated under reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC [(Prep-HPLC-020): Column, XBridge Prep C18 OBD Column, 19*150 mm 5 um 13 nm; mobile phase, WATER WITH 0.05% TFA and ACN (35.0% ACN up to 48.0% in 8 mins); Detector, nm] to yield 265 (13.6 mg, 39%) as a white solid ESI MS m/z: 299.9 [M−1]⁻

Example 151 Compound 267

Nucleoside 267-1 (100 mg, 0.26 mmol) was dissolved in n-butylamine (2 mL) and left for 2 h at RT. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue was purified by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of MeOH from 10 to 60% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized (3×) to remove excess of buffer and yield 267 (20 mg, 25%). MS: m/z 308 [M−1].

Example 152 Compound 268

Compound 268-3 was prepared according to the scheme provided above. Compound 268 can be obtained using methods known to those skilled in the art, including those described in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0071434, filed Sep. 19, 2011.

Example 153 Compound 269

To a stirred solution of 269-1 (43.6% in dichloromethane, 345.87 g, 1.16 mol) in anhydrous DCM (1.0 L) was added ethyl-2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene)propanoate (400 g, 1.100 mol) dropwise over a period of 30 mins at −40° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to 25° C. and stirred for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in TMBE (2.0 L). The solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (1.2% EA in PE) to give 269-2 (191.3 g, 80.26%) as a white foam. ¹H-NMR (400 Hz, CDCl₃), δ=6.66 (dd, J=6.8, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.81-4.86 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.21 (m, 3H), 3.60 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.27 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

To a stirred solution of 269-2 (100 g, 0.47 mol) in acetone (2.0 L) was added KMnO₄ (90 g, 0.57 mol) in portions at 0-5° C. The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched using sat. sodium sulfite solution (600 mL). After 2 h, a colorless suspension was formed. The solid was removed by filtration. The filter cake was washed with EA (300 mL). The filtrate was extracted with EA (3×300 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude 269-3 (50 g, 43.4%) as a solid.

To a stirred solution of 269-3 (50.0 g, 0.20 mol) and triethylamine (64.0 g, 0.63 mol) in anhydrous DCM (1.0 L) was added thionyl chloride (36.0 g, 0.31 mol) at 0° C. After 30 mins, the mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (500 mL) and washed with cold water (1.0 L) and brine (600 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure to give the crude as a brown oil. To crude in anhydrous acetonitrile were added TEMPO catalyst (500 mg) and NaHCO₃ (33.87 g, 0.40 mol) at 0° C. A sodium hypochlorite solution (10-13%, 500 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. for 20 mins. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. The organic phase was concentrated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3×). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give 269-4 (53.0 g, 85.48%) as a yellow oil.

To a stirred solution of 269-4 (62.0 g, 0.20 mol) in anhydrous dioxane (1.5 L) was added TBACl (155.4 g, 0.50 mol) at 25° C. The solution was stirred at 100° C. for 10 h. The mixture was cooled to 25° C., and treated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane (700 mL), followed by conc. HCl (12 N, 42 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude 269-5 as a brown oil (45.5 g, crude), which was used for next step without further purification.

Crude 269-5 (45.5 g, 171 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of EtOH (500 mL) and conc. HCl (12 N, 3.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was co-evaporated with toluene (3×) to give crude 269-6 (24.6 g, crude) as a brown oil, which was used for the next step.

To a stirred solution of crude 269-6 (24.6 g, crude) and DMAP (4.8 g, 40.0 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (800 mL) was added benzoyl chloride (84.0 g, 0.60 mol) dropwise over a period of 40 mins at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (1.5 L). The solution was washed with 1.0 M HCl solution (400 mL) and brine (800 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a brown solid. The solid was suspended in MeOH (600 mL). After filtration, the filter cake was washed with MeOH. The filter cake was dried under reduced pressure to give 269-7 (40.0 g, 75.0%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 269-7 (7.0 g, 18.04 mmol) in anhydrous THF (70 mL) was added a solution of lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride (27 mL, 1.0 M, 27.06 mmol) dropwise over a period of 30 mins at −78° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl aq. and diluted with EA. After filtration, the filtrate was extracted with EA. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica column gel (5% EA in PE) to give 269-8 (6.8 g, 96.7%) as a colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of PPh₃ (1.34 g, 5.12 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added 269-8 (1.0 g, 2.56 mmol) at −20° C. under N₂. After the mixture was stirred for 15 mins, CBr₄ (1.96 g, 5.89 mmol) was added in portions while maintaining the reaction temperature between −25 and −20° C. under N₂ flow. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred below −17° C. for 20 mins. The reaction was treated with silica gel. After filtration, the pad of silica gel was washed with CH₂Cl₂. The combined filtrates were purified by silica column gel (EA in PE from 2% to 25%) to give 269-9 (α-isomer, 0.5 g, 43.4%) as a colorless oil.

A 0.25 L three-neck round-bottomed flask was charged with 6-chloro-9H-purin-2-amine (5.5 g, 34.75 mmol) followed by anhydrous t-BuOH (45 mL) with stirring. To this solution was added potassium tert-butoxide (3.89 g, 32.58 mmol) in portions at RT under N₂ flow. After 30 mins, a solution of 269-9 (4.92 g, 10.86 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (30 mL) was added over a period of 5 mins at 25° C. The mixture was slowly heated to 50° C. and stirred for 12 h. The mixture was treated with solid NH₄Cl and water, and then filtered through a short pad of Celite. The pad was washed with EA, and the filtrates were neutralized with aqueous 1.0 M HCl. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica column gel (EA in PE from 2% to 20%) to give 269-10 (1.7 g, 28.9%) as a white foam. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ=8.37 (s, 1H), 8.07-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.93-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.69 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.41 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.13 (s, 2H), 6.37 (d, J=19.3 Hz, 1H), 6.26-6.13 (m, 1H), 4.86-4.77 (m, 1H), 4.76-4.68 (m, 2H), 1.3 (d, J=20 Hz, 3H).

Compound 269-10 (700 mg, 1.29 mmol) was dissolved in 4% HCl in MeOH (25 mL) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 269-11 (401 mg, 59.2%) as a white solid.

Compound 269-11 (250 mg, 0.477 mmol) was treated with 7.0 M NH₃ in MeOH (25 mL) at 25° C. and stirred for 18 h. The solvent was removed at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (NH₄HCO₃ system) to give 269 (85 mg, 56.4%) as a white solid. MS: m/z 315.7 [M+H]⁺, 630.5 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 154 Compound 270

To an ice cold solution of 269 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol) and N-methylimidazole (50 μL, 0.64 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.5 mL) was added a solution of 270-1 (0.1 g, 0.28 mmol) in acetonitrile (0.15 mL). The mixture stirred at 5° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with EtOH, and the mixture concentrated. The evaporated residue was partitioned between EtOAc and citric acid (0.5 N). The organic layer was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and then dried with Na₂SO₄. Purification by RP-HPLC (A: water, B: MeCN) yielded 270 (30 mg, 30%) as a white powder. MS: m/z 625 [M+1].

Example 155 Compound 271

To a stirred solution of 271-1 (180 mg, 0.16 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (2.0 mL) was added N-methylimidazole (53.4 μL, 0.65 mmol) at 0° C. (ice/water bath). A solution of phenyl (cyclohexyloxy-L-alaninyl) phosphorochloridate (101 mg, 0.29 mmol) dissolved in CH₃CN (0.5 mL), prepared according to a general procedure (McGuigan et al. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5807), was added. The solution was stirred at 0 to 5° C. for 3 h. N-methylimidazole (50 μL) at 0° C. (ice/water bath) followed by solution of phenyl (cyclohexyloxy-L-alaninyl)phosphorochloridate (52 mg, dissolved in 0.5 mL of CH₃CN) were added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C. and diluted with EA. Water (5 mL) was added. The solution was washed with 1.0M citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with MgSO₄. The residue was purified on silica (10 g column) with DCM/MeOH (0-10% gradient) to give 271-2 (96.8 mg, 64%) as foam.

Compound 271-2 (95 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in_anhydrous CH₃CN (0.5 mL), and 4N HCl in dioxane (77 μL, 0.3 mmol) was added at 0 to 5° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins, and anhydrous EtOH (100 μL) was added. The solvents were evaporated at RT and co-evaporated with toluene (3×). The residue was purified on RP-HPLC with H₂O/CH₃CN (50-100% gradient) and lypholized to give 271 (37.7 mg, 52.5%) as a white foam. ESI-LCMS: m/z=653.2 [M+H]⁺, 1305.4 [2M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 271-A (56 g, 0.144 mol) in anhydrous THF (600 mL) was added a solution of lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride (216 mL, 1M, 0.216 mol) dropwise at −78° C. under N₂ for 30 mins. The solution was stirred between −78° C. to 0° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat.NH₄Cl solution and extracted with EA (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtrated and concentrated to give 271-B (52 g, 92%) as a colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of PPh₃ (45.7 g, 0.174 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) was added 271-B (34 g, 0.087 mol) at −20° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred for 15 mins. CBr₄ (58 g, 0.174 mol) was added dropwise while maintaining the temperature between −25° C. and −20° C. under N₂ flow. The mixture was then stirred below −17° C. for 20 mins. The mixture was treated with silica gel. The solution was filtered through cold silica column gel and washed with cold elute (PE:EA=50:1 to 4:1). The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure at RT to give the crude oil product. The residue was purified by silica column gel (PE:EA=50:1 to 4:1) to give 271-C (α-isomer, 24 g, 61%) as a colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ=8.16 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 8.01 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.42-7.62 (m, 6H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 5.37 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.68-4.86 (m, 3H), 1.88 (s, 3H).

A mixture of 6-Cl-guanosine (80.8 g, 0.478 mol) and t-BuOK (57 g, 0.509 mol) in t-BuOH (1 L) was stirred at 30-35° C. for 30 mins. 271-C (72 g, 0.159 mol, in MeCN 500 mL) was added at RT and the mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution, and extracted with EA (3×300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE:EA=4:1 to 2:1) to give 271-D (14 g, 16%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 7.93-8.04 (m, 4H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.50 (m, 6H), 6.53 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 2H), 5.06-5.10 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.83 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.64 (m, 1H), 1.48 (s, 3H).

To a solution of 271-D (14 g, 25.9 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added AgNO₃ (8.8 g, 51.8 mmol) and collidine (6.3 g, 51.8 mmol) and MMTrCl (12.1 g, 38.9 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (5 mL). After filtration, the filter was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE:EA=10:1 to 3:1) to give 271-E (16 g, 80%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ=8.05-8.07 (m, 4H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.18-7.57 (m, 18H), 6.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.71 (s, 1H), 5.86 (s, 1H), 5.6 (s, 1H), 4.77 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 4.67-4.76 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.59 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 1H), 1.06 (s, 3H).

Sodium (170 mg, 7.38 mmol) was dissolved in dry EtOH (5 mL) at 70° C., and the solution was cooled to 0° C. 271-E (1 g, 1.23 mmol) was added in portions at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 8 h at RT. The mixture was neutralized with CO₂ to pH 7.0, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (10% CH₃CN/H₂O) to give 271-1 (0.4 g, 53%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS: m/z 616 [M+H]⁺.

Example 156 Compound 272

To an ice-cold solution of triethylammonium bis(POM)phosphate (7 mmol, prepared from 2.3 g of bis(POM)phosphate and 1 mL of Et₃N) and 272-1 (1.36 g; 4.2 mmol) were added diisopropylethyl amine (3.6 mL; 21 mmol), BOP-Cl (2.68 g; 10.5 mmol) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (1.20 g; 10.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with 1 M citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on silica gel column with i-PrOH/CH₂Cl₂ solvent system (2-12% gradient) to yield 272-2 (2.13 g, 80%).

A solution of 272-2 (2.13 g) in 80% aq. HCOOH (10 mL) was stirred at 45° C. for 8 h. The mixture was cooled and concentrated to obtain a residue. The residue was coevaporated with toluene and MeOH containing few drops of Et₃N. The evaporated residue was purified on silica gel column with MeOH:CH₂Cl₂ (3-10% gradient) to yield 272 as a white foam (1.1 g, 56%). MS: m/z=565 [M−1].

Example 157 Compound 280

40-1 (1.78 g, 5 mmol) and Compound A (3.22 g, 5.5 mmol; prepared according to the procedure provided in WO 2008/82601 A2) were coevaporated with pyridine and then dissolved in pyridine (70 mL). Pivaloyl chloride (1.22 mL; 10 mmol) was added dropwise at −15° C., and the mixture stirred at −15° C. for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with 0.5 M aq. NH₄Cl and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:i-PrOH (4-10% B gradient) to afford 280-2 (2.1 g, 50%).

To a solution of 280-2 (0.51 g, 0.62 mmol) in CCl₄ (6 mL) was added benzylamine (0.34 mL, 3.1 mmol) dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 0.5 M aq. citric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:i-PrOH (4-10% B gradient) to afford 280-3 (0.46 g, 80%).

A mixture of 280-3 (130 mg, 0.14 mmol) and 80% aq. TFA (1.5 mL) was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was evaporated and coevaporated with toluene. The residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH (4-12% B gradient) to afford 280 (32 mg (37%). MS: m/z=620 [M+1]⁺.

Example 158 Compound 281

A solution of Z-Ala-OH (111.6 mg, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was treated with carbonyldiimidazole (81 mg, 0.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 40° C. under an Ar atmosphere. This solution was added to a solution of 44 (200 mg, 0.33 mmol), Et₃N (72 μL, 0.5 mmol) and DMAP (4 mg) in DMF (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2.5 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 1M citric acid (2 mL) at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath) and diluted with EA. The organic layer was separated, washed with sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography in 40 to 90% EA-hexane to give 281-1 (202 mg, 76%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 281-1 (50 mg, 0.062 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (2 mL), was added 10% Pd/C (5 mg), followed by addition of 4N HCl (31 μL, 0.124 mmol), and the mixture was stirred under H₂ atmosphere for 1 h. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was filtered through celite. The catalyst cake was washed with anhydrous EtOH. The washings and the filtrate were combined, and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give 281 (33.3 mg, 79.7%) as an off white foam. MS:m/z=674.1[M+H]⁺, 1347.2 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 159 Compound 282

A solution of Z-Gly-OH (105 mg, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (2 mL) was treated with carbonyldiimidazole (81 mg, 0.5 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at 40° C., followed by 30 mins at 80° C. under an Ar atmosphere. This solution was added to a solution of 44 (200 mg, 0.33 mmol), Et₃N (72 μL, 0.5 mmol) and DMAP (4 mg) in DMF (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 1M citric acid (2 mL) at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath) and diluted with EA. The organic layer was separated, washed with sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography in 40 to 90% EA-hexane to give 282-1 (208.5 mg, 79.6%) as an off white foam.

To a solution of 282-1 (75 mg, 0.094 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (3 mL), was added 10% Pd/C (10 mg), followed by the addition of 4N HCl (47 μL, 0.19 mmol). The mixture was stirred under H₂ atmosphere for 3 h. After completion of reaction, the mixture was filtered through celite. The catalyst cake was washed with anhydrous EtOH. The washings and the filtrate were combined, and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give 282 (44.3 mg, 71.5%) as an off white foam. MS:m/z=658.05[M+H]⁺, 1317.05 [M+H]⁺.

Example 160 Compound 283

To a solution of 280-2 (223 mg, 0.27 mmol) in CCl₄ (3 mL) were added L-alanine isopropyl ester hydrochloride (135 mg, 0.8 mmol) and dropwise Et₃N (0.22 mL, 1.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with sat aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:i-PrOH (3-10% B gradient) to afford 283-1 (0.16 g, 62%).

A mixture of 283-1 (100 mg, 0.11 mmol) and 80% aq. TFA (3 mL) was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was then evaporated and coevaporated with toluene. The residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH (4-10% B gradient) to afford 283 (31 mg, 46%). MS:m/z=644 [M+1]⁺.

Example 161 Compounds 284 and 306

To a solution of 40-1 (1.08 g, 3.0 mmol) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (15 mL) was added CsCO₃ (1.22 g, 3.7 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at RT for 15 mins. Dibenzyl chloromethylphosphate (1 g, 3.0 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred overnight at 40° C. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with methyl tert-butylether and washed with water (3×) and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The crude evaporated residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:i-PrOH (3-10% B gradient) to yield 284-1 (580 mg, 30%).

To a solution of triethylammonium bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate (1.8 mmol, prepared from 0.60 g of bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl)phosphate and Et₃N) in THF was added 284-1 (0.58 g, 0.9 mmol). The mixture was evaporated and rendered anhydrous by coevaporating with pyridine follow by toluene. The evaporated residue was dissolved in anhydrous THF (9 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. Diisopropylethyl amine (0.94 mL, 5.4 mmol) was added, followed by BOP-Cl (0.69 g, 2.7 mmol) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (0.31 g, 2.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0-5° C. for 2 h, diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:i-PrOH (3-10% B gradient) to yield 284-2 (0.77 g, 89%).

To a solution of 284-2 (50 mg; 0.05 mmol) in EtOH (2.5 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (8 mg), and the mixture was stirred under H₂ (atmospheric pressure) for 1 h. The mixture was filtered through a Celite pad, and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was treated with 80% aq. HCOOH (2.5 mL) for 3 h, then evaporated and purified by RP-HPLC (A: 50 mM aq. TEAA, B: 50 mM TEAA in MeCN) to afford 284 (22 mg, 44%) as a white solid. MS:m/z=713 [M+1]⁺.

To a solution of 284 (14 mg, 0.02 mmol) in EtOH (0.3 mL) at 0° C. was added dropwise 0.1 M EtONa in EtOH (0.4 mL; 0.04 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to RT and the resulting white solid centrifuged. The supernatant was discarded. The solid was treated with EtOH (0.3 mL) and centrifuged to yield 306 (8 mg). MS:m/z=713 [M+1]⁺.

Example 162 Compound 285

To a stirred suspension of 285-1 (300 g, 1.86 mol) in acetone (4 L) was added conc.H₂SO₄ (56 mL) dropwise at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. The mixture was neutralized with solid NaHCO₃ and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 285-2 (381 g, crude) as a colorless oil, which was used for the next step without further purification.

To a stirred solution of 285-2 (380 g, crude, 1.88 mol) in anhydrous DCM (2 L) was added imidazole (191 g, 2.82 mol) and TBSCl (564 g, 3.76 mol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h, and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified by silica gel column (2% EA in PE) to give 285-3 (569 g, 97% in 2 steps) as a white solid.

To a solution of 285-3 (150 g, 0.47 mol) in anhydrous THF (2 L) was added DIBAL-H (710 mL, 0.71 mol, 1.0 M in toluene) at −78° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and then filtered. The filtrate was extracted with EA and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column (11% EA in PE) to give 285-4 (121 g, 80.5%) as a white solid.

Isopropyltriphenylphosphonium iodide (422.8 g, 0.98 mol) was suspended in anhydrous THF (1 L) and cooled to 0° C. A BuLi solution (2.5M in THF, 391 mL, 0.98 mol) was added dropwise over 0.5 h. The deep red solution was maintained at 0° C. for 0.5 h and 285-4 (207.5 g, 0.65 mol) in THF (1 L) was added slowly over 2 h. The mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The precipitated solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with EA and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (10% to 30% EA in PE) to give 285-5 (104.7 g, 47%) as a colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of 285-5 (4.9 g, 14.2 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (70 mL) was added IBX (7.9 g, 28.4 mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 2 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (1% EA in PE) to give 285-6 (4.6 g, 94.8%) as a colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of 285-6 (2.0 g, 5.8 mmol) and difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone (2.24 g, 11.7 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (50 mL) was added LiHMDS (1.0 M in THF, 11.7 mL) dropwise at −78° C. After stirring at −78° C. for 2 h, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl. The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins. The organic phase was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EA. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified on a silica gel chromatography (0.25% EA in PE) to give 285-7 (1.1 g, 32.1%) as a colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ=8.01-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.74-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.61-7.57 (m, 2H), 5.80 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (s, 1H), 4.03 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 1H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.69 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.41 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 6H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.09 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 6H).

To a stirred solution of 285-7 (4.0 g, 7.5 mmol) in DMF (80 mL) and H₂O (16 mL) was added Mg (3.6 g, 149.8 mmol) followed by the addition of HOAc (13.5 g, 224.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 6 h. The mixture was poured into ice water and filtered. The filtrate was extracted with EA. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified on the silica gel chromatography (0.2% EA in PE) to give 285-8 (1.12 g, 38%) as a colorless oil. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ=5.88-5.74 (m, 2H), 3.98-3.78 (m, 3H), 3.30 (s, 1H), 3.08 (s, 1H), 1.83 (s, 3H), 1.70 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.35 (d, J=23.2 Hz, 6H), 0.90 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 9H), 0.08 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 6H).

To a solution of 285-8 (1.12 g, 2.84 mmol) was added a solution (6 mL, 1.0 M) of TBAF in THF, and the mixture was stirred at RT for 30 mins. The mixture was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (3% EA in PE) to give 285-9 (332 mg, 41.7%) as a colorless oil.

To a solution of 285-9 (415 mg, 1.5 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (7.5 mL) was added Et₃N (224 mg, 2.2 mmol) and BzCl (248 mg, 1.7 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1% EA in PE) to give 285-10 (441 mg, 77.4%) as colorless oil.

To a stirred solution of 285-10 (440 mg, 1.2 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was bubbled O₃ at −78° C. until the solution turned blue. The reaction was then bubbled with O₂ until the solution turned to colorless. The organic layer was evaporated to give 285-11 (430 mg, crude), which was used for next step without further purification.

285-11 (441 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 90% TFA (6 mL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 285-12 (404 mg, 97%) as a colorless oil.

To a solution of 285-12 (404 mg, 1.3 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (6 mL) was added Et₃N (1.0 g, 10.2 mmol), DMAP (44 mg, 0.4 mmol) and BzCl (1.0 g, 7.6 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1% EA in PE) to give 285-13 (530 mg, 66.2%) as a light yellow foam.

To a stirred solution of uracil (190 mg, 1.7 mmol) in chlorobenzene (2.6 mL) was added N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (680 mg, 3.3 mmol). The solution was stirred at 130° C. for 30 mins, and then cooled to ambient temperature. To a solution of 285-13 (536 mg, 0.8 mmol) in chlorobenzene was added SnCl₄ (770 mg, 3.5 mmol) slowly dropwise. The mixture was heated to reflux for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 285-14 (336 mg, 64.6%) as a white solid.

285-14 (80 mg, 0.1 mmol) was treated with 7.0 M NH₃ in MeOH. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The solvent was removed at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 285 (36 mg, 90.6%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS:m/z 309.09 [M+H]⁺; 331.07 [M+Na]⁺.

Example 163 Compound 286

To a mixture of 51 (240 mg, 0.8 mmol) in trimethyl phosphate (4 mL) at 0° C. was added POCl₃ (0.18 mL, 1.6 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 90 mins. L-alanine isopropyl ester hydrochloride (0.24 g, 1.4 mmol) and Et₃N (0.6 mL, 4.3 mmol) were added. The mixture was warmed to RT and stirring was continued for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with 0.5 M aq. TEAA, and the mixture purified by RP-HPLC (A: 50 mM aq. TEAA, B: 50 mM TEAA in MeCN) to yield 286-1 (75 mg).

A mixture of 286-1 (52 mg, 0.1 mmol), DIPEA (0.11 mL, 0.6 mmol) and isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl iodide (77 mg, 0.3 mmol) in NMP (1.1 mL) was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with tert-butyl methylether, washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. The evaporated residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH (4-10% B gradient) to yield 286 (12 mg, 20%). MS:m/z=600 [M+1]⁺.

Example 164 Compound 287

To a solution of 44 (200 mg, 0.33 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (6 mL) was added DMAP (4 mg, 0.033 mmol), N-Cbz-O-benzyl-L-serine (164 mg, 0.5 mmol) and EDC (100 mg, 0.52 mmol) at 0 to 5° C. (ice/water bath). The mixture was stirred for 40 h at RT. The mixture was cooled using ice/water bath, diluted with DCM (10 mL), washed sat. NH₄Cl, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography in 50 to 90% EA-hexane to give 287-1 (187 mg, 62%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 287-1 (68.7 mg, 0.075 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (2.5 mL), was added 10% Pd/C (11.4 mg), followed by the addition of 4N HCl (38 μL, 0.15 mmol), and the mixture was stirred under H₂ atmosphere for 3 h. After completion of reaction, the mixture was filtered through celite. The catalyst cake was washed with anhydrous EtOH. The washings and filtrate were combined, and the solvent was removed under vacuum to give 287 (40.1 mg, 77.6%) as an off white foam. MS:m/z=690.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 165 Compound 288

To a mixture of Compound B (0.84 g, 2 mmol; prepared according to Villard et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2008) 16:7321-7329) and Et₃N (0.61 mL, 4.4 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at −78° C. was added dropwise a solution of N,N-diisopropyl dichlorophosphoramidite (184 μL, 1 mmol) in THF (7 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm up and stirred at RT for 2 h. The solids were filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated and purified on a silica gel column with hexanes +1% Et₃N:EtOAc (1-20% B gradient) to yield Compound C (0.38 g).

To a mixture of 40-1 (53 mg, 0.15 mmol) and Compound C (0.17 g, 0.17 mmol) in MeCN (1 mL) was added 5-ethylthio-1H-tetrazole (0.25 M in MeCN; 1.2 mL, 0.3 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at RT and then cooled to −40° C. A solution of MCPBA (77%; 42 mg, 0.19 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) was added. The mixture was allowed to warm up and stirred at RT for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with 4% aq. Na₂S₂O₃ in 4% aq. NaHCO₃ (1 mL) and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried with Na₂SO₄. Purification of the evaporated residue on a silica gel column with hexanes:EtOAc (30-100% B gradient) yielded 288-1 (150 mg, 81%).

A solution of 288-1 (120 mg, 0.1 mmol) in 80% aq. TFA (5 mL) was kept at RT for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue coevaported with toluene. The crude material was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH (4-10% B gradient) to give 288 (25 mg, 36%). MS:m/z=691 [M+1]⁺.

Example 166 Compound 289

To a mixture of DCC (412 mg, 1.98 mmol) in DMF (1 mL), DMAP (244 mg, 1.98 mmol) and Z-Val-OH (502 mg, 1.98 mmol) were added successively, followed by the addition of 44 (200 mg, 0.183 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator until ½ of its original volume. EA was added, and the mixture was washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo to give a residue. The residue was purified by silica gel with 35-95% EA:hexanes to give 289-1 (107 mg, 31.2%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 289-1 (68 mg, 0.064 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (2.0 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (12 mg), followed by the addition of 4N HCl (67 μl, 0.25 mmol). The mixture was stirred under H₂ atmosphere for 1.5 h. The mixture was filtered through celite, and the catalyst cake was washed with anhydrous EtOH. The washings and the filtrate were combined. The solvent was removed under vacuum to give 289 (41.6 mg, 82%) as a light yellow foam. MS:m/z=801.25 [M+H]⁺.

Example 167 Compound 290

To a solution of 290-1 (40 mg, 0.144 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) were added DCC (65 mg, 0.32 mmol), isobutyric acid (28 μl, 0.32 mmol) and DMAP (18 mg, 0.144 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator to ½ of its original volume. The mixture was then diluted with 25% DMF/H₂O and purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using CH₃CN and water. Lyophilization gave 290 (17.5 mg, 29%) as a white powder. MS:m/z 416.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 168 Compound 291

To a solution of 290-1 (50 mg, 0.18 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) were added DCC (93 mg, 0.45 mmol), propanoic acid (33.4 μl, 0.45 mmol) and DMAP (22 mg, 0.18 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and then filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator to ½ of its original volume. The mixture was then diluted with 25% DMF/H₂O, and purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using CH₃CN and water. Lyophilization gave 291 (30.2 mg, 43%) as a white powder. MS:m/z 390.1 [M+H]⁺, 388.05 [M−H]⁻.

Example 169 Compound 292

To a solution of 75 (20 mg, 0.073 mmol) in DMF (0.7 mL) were added DCC (37.6 mg, 0.183 mmol), isobutyric acid (16 μl, 0.183 mmol) and DMAP (9 mg, 0.073 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator to of its original volume. The mixture was then diluted with 25% DMF/H₂O, and purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using 25-95% CH₃CN:water. Lyophilization gave 292 (12.1 mg, 38.7%) as a white powder. MS:m/z 430.15 [M+H]⁺, 428.10 [M−H]⁻.

Example 170 Compound 293

To a solution of 75 (20 mg, 0.073 mmol) in DMF (0.7 mL) were added DCC (37.6 mg, 0.183 mmol), propanoic acid (13.5 μl, 0.183 mmol) and DMAP (9 mg, 0.073 mmol). The mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The mixture was filtered, and then filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator to ½ of its original volume. The mixture was then diluted with 25% DMF/H₂O, and purified on a reverse-phase HPLC (C18) using 25-95% CH₃CN:water Lyophilization gave 293 (14.1 mg, 48%) as a white powder. MS:m/z 402.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 171 Compound 294

To a mixture of Compound D (0.9 g, 6.0 mmol; prepared according to Qing et al. Org. Lett. (2008) 10:545-548) and POCl₃ (0.55 mL, 6.0 mmol) in diethyl ether (9 mL) at −78° C. was added Et₃N (0.84 mL, 6.0 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to RT in 2 h. The mixture was then filtered, and the solids were washed with Et₂O. The combined filtrates were evaporated, and the crude Compound E was used without purification.

To a solution of crude Compound E and L-alanine isopropyl ester hydrochloride (1.0 g, 6.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) at −20° C. was added Et₃N (1.67 mL, 1.2 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm up and stirring at RT for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with hexanes and filtered through a silica pad which was thoroughly washed with CH₂Cl₂:hexanes 1:1. The combined filtrates were concentrated and purified on a silica column with hexanes:EtOAc (5-50% B gradient) to yield Compound F (0.78 g, 38% for 2 steps).

To a solution of 40-1 (0.36 g, 1.0 mmol) in THF (7.5 mL) at 0° C. was added isopropyl magnesium chloride (2 M in THF; 0.65 mL, 1.3 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins. A solution of Compound F (0.78 g, 2.2 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added, and the mixture stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl, and then diluted with EtOAc. The two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. Purification of the evaporated residue on a silica gel column with CH₂Cl₂:i-PrOH (3-10% B gradient) yielded 294-1 (0.50 g, 74%).

A solution of 294-1 (0.28 g, 0.4 mmol) in 80 aq. TFA (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 4 h. The mixture was evaporated and coevaporated with toluene. The residue was purified on a silica column with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH (4-10% B gradient) to give 294-2 (0.17 g, 68%).

To a solution of 294-2 (85 mg, 0.14 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) and HCl (4 N in dioxane; 35 μL, 0.14 mmol) was added 10% Pd/C (8 mg). The mixture was stirred under H₂ (atmospheric pressure) for 105 mins. The mixture was then filtered through a Celite pad. The evaporated residue was treated with Et₂O to yield 294 (55 mg, 63%) as a white solid. MS:m/z=589 [M+1]⁺.

Example 172 Compound 295

A mixture of 295-1 (120 g, 0.26 mol) and IBX (109 g, 0.39 mol) in CH₃CN (2.0 L) was heated to reflux and stirred for 12 h. After cooling to RT, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated at low pressure and used directly for the next step.

295-2 (130 g, crude, 0.26 mol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous toluene (3×) to remove H₂O. Vinyl magnesium bromide (700 mL, 0.78 mol, 1.0 N in THF) was added dropwise into a solution of 295-2 in THF (300 mL) over 30 mins at −78° C. The mixture was stirred for about 1 h. at 25° C. and checked by LCMS trace. When the starting material was consumed, the mixture was poured into a sat. NH₄Cl solution, and extracted with EA (3×300 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated at low pressure to give the crude intermediate without further purification.

To a solution of this crude intermediate (170 g, 0.346 mol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added TEA (105 g, 1.04 mol) and DMAP (84 g, 0.69 mol), and the mixture was stirred at RT. Benzoyl chloride (146 g, 1.04 mol) was added slowly at RT. After stirring for 12 h at RT, the mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and then washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The combined aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (100 mL). The combined organic phase was dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EA=10:1 to 5:1) to give 295-3 (107 g, 52%).

A mixture of uracil (treated by toluene twice) and NOBSA (81.4 g, 0.4 mol) in CH₃CN (200 mL) was stirred to reflux for 1.5 h. After the mixture was cooled to RT, 295-3 (59 g, 0.1 mol, treated by toluene) in CH₃CN (100 mL) was added. The mixture was treated with TMSOTf (155 g, 0.7 mol), and then warmed to 60-70° C. for 12 h. LCMS showed that no starting material remained. The mixture was poured into a NaHCO₃ (sat.) solution. The desired product precipitated. After filtration, pure 295-4 (40 g, 69%) was obtained as a white solid.

To a solution of 295-4 (50 g, 0.086 mol), K₂CO₃ (17.8 g, 0.13 mol) in DMF (500 mL) was added PMBCl (16 g, 0.1 mol) at 0° C., and the mixture stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with water, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. Crude 295-5 (65 g) was obtained and used directly for the next step.

A mixture of 295-5 (65 g, 0.086 mol) and NaOMe (16.8 g, 0.3 mol) in MeOH:DCM (4:1, 200 mL) was stirred at RT for 2.5 h. LCMS showed that no starting material remained. The reaction was quenched with dry ice. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (DCM:MeOH=50:1 to 20:1) to give 295-6 as a yellow foam (25 g, 75%).

To a solution of 295-6 (25.5 g, 0.065 mol) in DMF was added NaH (10.5 g, 0.26 mol) slowly at ice bath, and the mixture was stirred for 30 mins. BnBr (36.3 g, 0.21 mol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. TLC showed that the starting material disappeared. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NH₄Cl and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EA=5:1 to 3:1 to 1:1) to give 295-7 (20 g, 46%).

To a solution of 295-7 (20 g, 0.03 mol), NMMO (7 g, 0.06 mol) in THF:H₂O (5:1, 100 mL) was added OsO₄ (2.6 g, 0.01 mol) at 25° C., and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with a sat. Na₂S₂O₃ solution, and extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The diol product residue was used directly for next step.

To a solution of diol product (0.03 mol) in MeOH:H₂O:THF (170 mL:30 mL:50 mL) was added NaIO₄ (9.6 g, 0.045 mol), and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. After the white solid was filtered, the filtrate was used directly for the next step.

The previous solution was treated with NaBH₄ (1.8 g, 0.048 mol) at 0° C., and stirred at 25° C. for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with HCl (1 N) solution and adjusted pH to 7-8. The solution was extracted by EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EA=6:1 to 4:1) to give 295-8 (12 g, 61% over 3 steps).

To a solution of 295-8 (14 g, 21 mmol), DMAP (5.1 g, 42 mmol) in DCM (50 mL) was added MsCl (3.1 g, 27 mmol) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 40 mins. LCMS shows that no starting material remained. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and extracted with DCM (3×100 mL). The solution was washed with HCl (0.2 N) solution, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EA=10:1 to 5:1) to give the OMs-product (14 g, 90%).

The OMs-product (6.1 g, 8.21 mmol) was dissolved in TBAF (Alfa, 1 N in THF, 120 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 70-80° C. over 3 days. LCMS shows that 50% of the starting material was converted to the desired product. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL). The solution was washed by brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EA=10:1 to 5:1) to give 295-9 (1.3 g, 24%).

To a solution of 295-9 (6.3 g, 9.45 mmol) in CAN:H₂O (v:v=3:1, 52 mL) was added CAN (15.5 g, 28.3 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was quenched with water, and extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatograph (25% EA in PE) to give 295-10 (3.6 g, 71%) as a yellow oil.

To a solution of 295-10 (566 mg, 1.04 mmol), DMAP (253 mg, 2.07 mmol) and TEA (209 mg, 2.07 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (6 mL) was added TPSCl (627 mg, 2.07 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h. The mixture was treated with NH₃.H₂O (10 mL), and stirred at RT overnight. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The solution was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM:MeOH=50:1 to 20:1) to give 295-11 (300 mg, 49%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 295-11 (200 mg, 0.37 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (0.5 mL) was added BCl₃ (2.5 mL, 1 N in DCM) at −70° C., and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at −70° C. TLC showed that no materials remained. The reaction was quenched with MeOH at −70° C., and concentrated at low pressure directly under 40° C. The residue was dissolved in H₂O, and washed with EtOAc over 3 times. The aqueous phase was lyophilized to give 295 (91 mg, 89%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS:m/z 276.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 173 Compound 296

To a stirred solution of 296-1 (8.2 g, 15.3 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (150 mL) was added IBX (4.7 g, 16.8 mmol) at 20° C. under N₂. The suspension was heated to 90° C.˜100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue, 296-2, (8.2 g, crude) was used in the next step without further purification.

To a solution of 296-2 (8.2 g, 15.4 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (150 mL) was added aq. NaOH (15.4 mL, 2 M, 30.8 mmol) at 20° C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 10 h. The solution was neutralized with AcOH to pH=7, followed by addition of EtOH (50 mL) and NaBH₄ (5.8 g, 154.3 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL), extracted with EA (2×40 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 296-3 (5.5 g, 62.92%) as a white solid.

296-3 (480 mg, 0.8 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (2×). The residue was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (5 mL) and pyridine (671 mg, 85 mmol). Tf₂O (481 mg, 187 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. over 10 mins. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 40 mins. The mixture was purified by column chromatography (20% EA in PE) to give 296-4 (602 mg, 86.1%) as a brown foam.

To a solution of 296-4 (602.0 mg, 0.72 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (8 mL) was added NaH (34.8 mg, 0.87 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at 20° C. for 1 h, and then NaN₃ (1.59 g, 2.5 mmol) was added at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water at the same temperature, extracted with EA (2×20 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue, 296-5, (431 mg, crude) was used in next step without further purification.

To a solution of 296-5 (431 mg, crude) in 1,4-dioxane (14 mL) was added aq. NaOH (114.4 mg, 2 M, 2.9 mmol) at 18° C. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (30% EA in PE) to give 296-6 (406.0 mg, 47.9%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 296-6 (406.0 mg, 0.68 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (8 mL) was added TBSCl (198.7 mg, 1.3 mmol) and imidazole (119.7 mg, 1.8 mmol) at 30° C. under N₂ atmosphere. The solution was stirred at this temperature for 3 h. The solution was diluted with EA (20 mL) and washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 296-7 (405.0 mg, 65.28%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 296-7 (405.0 mg, 0.57 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (6 mL) was added 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (343.3 mg, 1.13 mmol), DMAP (138.5 mg, 1.1 mmol) and TEA (114.7 mg, 1.1 mmol) at 30° C. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 9 h. NH₃.H₂O (4 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with EA (20 mL) and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 296-8 (401.0 mg, crude) as a yellow foam.

296-8 (380.0 mg, 0.54 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (25 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 30° C. for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (10% MeOH in DCM) to give 296 (144.0 mg, 83.93%) as a white foam. ESI-MS:m/z 319.1 [M+H]⁺; 637.2 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 174 Compound 297

To a solution of 297-1 (30 g, 122.85 mmol) and 1,1-dimethoxycyclopentane (86 g, 660.93 mmol) in DCE (200 mL) was added TsOH.H₂O (2.34 g, 12.29 mmol) in one portion at RT. The mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred for 14 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled to RT and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (1-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 297-2 (25 g, 65.6%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 297-2 (20 g, 64.45 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (200 mL) was added IBX (19.85 g, 70.9 mmol) at RT. The mixture was refluxed for 18 h. and then cooled to 0° C. The precipitate was filtered-off, and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude 297-3 (20 g, 100%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 297-3 (20 g, 64.87 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (200 mL) were added 37% HCHO (20 mL) and 2.0 M NaOH aq. solution (40 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and then neutralized with AcOH to pH=7. The solution was treated with NaBH₄ (4.91 g, 129.74 mmol) at 20° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1.0 h, and the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl. The mixture was extracted with EA (3 s 200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-3% MeOH in DCM) to give 297-4 (9 g, 40.8%) as a white solid.

To an ice cold solution of 297-4 (4.5 g, 13.22 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (50 mL) was added pyridine (10.46 g, 132.20 mmol) and Tf₂O (8.21 g, 29.08 mmol) dropwise at −30° C. The mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with ice water and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (PE:EA=5:1) to give 297-5 (5 g, 62.57%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 297-5 (5 g, 8.27 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (25 mL) was added NaH (396.96 mg, 9.92 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The solution was stirred at RT for 2 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The solution of 297-6 was used in next step without any further workup.

To a stirred solution of 297-6 (3.75 g, 8.25 mmol) was added NaN₃ (1.5 g, 2.50 g, 38.46 mmol) at 0° C. under N2 atmosphere. The solution was stirred at RT for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue, 297-7, was used in the next step without further purification.

To a solution of 297-7 (2.87 g, 8.25 mmol) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) was added NaOH (8.25 mL, 16.50 mmol, 2.0 M in water) at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was diluted with EA. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on the silica gel column (PE:EA=10:1 to 2:1) to give 297-8 (2 g, 66.4%) as a white foam. ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz), δ=9.02 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.75-5.77 (m, 1H), 5.57 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.13-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.90 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.85 (m, 2H), 5.51-5.56 (m, 2H), 3.06-3.09 (m, 1H), 2.05-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.75 (m, 6H).

297-8 (2 g, 5.47 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (20 mL) aq. solution, and the mixture was heated to 60° C. for 2 h. The mixture was evaporated at low pressure. The residue was dissolved in MeOH, and the pH was adjusted to 7-8 with NH₃.H₂O. The mixture was stirred for 10 mins, and then concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (DCM:MeOH=20:1) to afford 297-9 (1.4 g, 85.5%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 297-9 (1.00 g, 3.34 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added diphenyl carbonate (157.49 mg, 735.20 μmol) and NaHCO₃ (28.06 mg, 0.334 mmol) at 120° C. The mixture was stirred for 16 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled to RT and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (DCM:MeOH=15:1 to 10:1) to afford 297-10 (600. mg, 63.9%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz), δ=8.49 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.31 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.43 (s, 1H), 3.53 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H).

To a solution of 297-10 (2 g, 7.11 mmol) and AgNO₃ (1.81 g, 10.67 mmol) in Py (20 mL) was added DMTrCl (3.61 g, 10.67 mmol) in one portion at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (DCM:MeOH=50:1) to afford 297-11 (3 g, 72.3%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 297-11 (1.5 g, 2.57 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added NaOH (5 mL, 2.0 N) in one portion at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 0.5 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The aqueous phase was extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum to afford 297-12 (1.50 g, 97%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 297-12 (1.50 g, 2.49 mmol) in Py (6 mL) was added AC₂₀ (3 mL) in one portion at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EA (3×60 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (PE:EA=1:1) to afford 297-13 (1.5 g, 87.8%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz), δ=8.10 (s, 1H), 7.29-7.34 (m, 10H), 6.77 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 6.36 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.58 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (s, 2H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H).

To a solution of 297-13 (500 mg, 729.2 μmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was added DMAP (178.17 mg, 1.46 mmol) and TPSCl (430.01 mg, 1.46 mmol) in one portion at RT. The mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h. NH₃/THF (20 mL, sat) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with water. The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine, dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (DCM:MeOH=50:1) and then purified by pre-HPLC(CH₃CN/H₂O) to afford 297-14 (260 mg, 49.5%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 400 MHz), δ=7.60 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.36 (m, 7H), 6.89 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 4H), 6.44 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.56-5.69 (m, 4H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.54 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.39-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.83 (s, 3H).

To a solution of 297-14 (440 mg, 642.6 μmol) in NH₃:MeOH (5 mL, 7N) was stirred at RT for 16 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 40° C. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (DCM:MeOH=100:1-20:1) to afford 297-15 (290 mg, 75.13%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 400 MHz), δ=7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.33 (m, 7H), 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 4H), 6.31 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 3.69 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (s, 2H).

A solution of 297-15 (150 mg, 249.74 μmol) in 80% CH₃COOH (5 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was treated with MeOH and concentrated under reduced pressure at 60° C. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (1-10% MeOH in DCM) to afford 297 (65 mg, 78.5%) as a white solid. ESI-MS:m/z 299.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 175 Compound 298

To a solution of 298-1 (12 g, 45.42 mmol) in pyridine (100 mL) was added DMTrCl (16.16 g, 47.69 mmol) in portions at 0° C. over a period of 30 mins under N₂. The mixture was warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 16 h. LCMS and TLC (DCM:MeOH=20:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (10 mL) and then concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA2981:1) to give pure DMTr-298-1 (20 g, 77.7%) as a white solid.

To a solution of DMTr-298-1 (30.00 g, 52.95 mmol) and TBSCl (19.95 g, 132.38 mmol, 2.50 eq.) in DCM (200 mL) was added imidazole (9.00 g, 132.20 mmol, 2.50 eq.) in portions at 0° C. The temperature was maintained below 5° C. The mixture was warmed to 25° C., and stirred for 16 h. TLC (PE:EA=1:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The reaction was quenched by ice and then extracted with DCM (2×50 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography to give the pure product (30.00 g, 83.2%) as a white solid.

The product from the previous step (30.00 g, 44.07 mmol) was dissolved in 80 AcOH aqueous (300 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and then extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (DCM:MeOH=50:1-20:1) to give 298-2 (15.5 g, 92.9%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 298-2 (8.00 g, 21.14 mmol) in MeCN (80 mL) was added IBX (6.51 g, 23.25 mmol, 1.10 eq.) at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was heated to 81° C. for 1 h. LCMS showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrates were concentrated in vacuum. The aldehyde residue (7.50 g, 19.92 mmol) was used in next step without further purification.

To a solution of the aldehyde from the previous step (7.5 g, 19.9 mmol) and aq. formaldehyde (7.85 mL) in dioxane (80 mL) was added 2.0 N aq. NaOH (19.5 mL) in one portion at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and then neutralized with AcOH to pH=7. The solution were treated with NaBH₄ (4.52 g, 119.52 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 mins, and the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl (100 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, DCM:MeOH=20:1 to 10:1) to afford 298-3 (4.0 g, 49.2%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 298-3 (4.00 g, 9.79 mmol) in pyridine (20 mL) was added a solution of MMTrCl (3.48 g, 10.28 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) dropwise at 0° C. over a period of 15 mins. The temperature was maintained below 5° C. The mixture was warmed to 25° C. and stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The reaction was quenched by MeOH (5 mL) and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by column (DCM:MeOH=50:1) to give a pure intermediate (5.00 g, 71.85%) as a white solid.

To a solution of the above intermediate (5.00 g, 7.03 mmol) and AgNO₃ (2.39 g, 14.06 mmol, 2.00 eq.) in pyridine (40 mL) was added dropwise TBDPSCl (2.90 g, 10.55 mmol) at 0° C. over a period of 10 mins. The mixture was warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 16 h. TLC (PE:EA=1:1) showed that the starting material was consumed. The reaction was quenched by ice and then extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (2×50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue (5.00 g, crude) was dissolved in 80% aq. AcOH (50 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. TLC (PE:EA=2:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction was quenched by MeOH (5 mL) and then extracted with DCM (3×100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (PE:EA=5:1 to 2:1) to give 298-4 (2.50 g, 55%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 298-4 (400 mg, 618.36 μmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added DMP (393.4 mg, 927.54 μmol, 1.50 eq.) in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. TLC (PE:EA=2:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with sat. aq. Na₂SO₃ (5 mL) and aq. NaHCO₃ (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3×10 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=3:1) to afford 298-5 (300.00 mg, 75.24%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 298-5 (500 mg, 775.37 μmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added hydroxylamine hydrochloride (215.5 mg, 3.10 mmol, 4.00 eq.) in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins, and then warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 4 h. LCMS showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=2:1) to afford the oxime (450 mg, 87.95% yield) as a light yellow solid.

To a solution of this oxime (450.00 mg, 681.95 μmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TEA (208.0 mg, 2.06 mmol) and MsCl (156.0 mg, 1.36 mmol) in one portion at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 4 h. TLC (PE:EA=2:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (5 mL), and the aqueous phases were extracted with DCM (2×20 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (10 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by TLC (PE:EA=2:1) to afford 298-6 (400 mg, 91.4%) as a light yellow solid.

To a solution of 298-6 (450.0 mg, 701.10 μmol), DMAP (171.3 mg, 1.40 mmol) and TEA (212.8 mg, 2.10 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL) was added 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (424.7 mg, 1.40 mmol) in one portion at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. TLC (PE:EA=2:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and extracted with EA (2×15 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (10 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue (580.00 mg, 638.59 μmol) was dissolved in MeCN (5 mL). The solution was treated with NH₃.H₂O (10 mL) in one portion at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. 16 h. TLC (PE:EA=1:1) showed the reaction was completed. The mixture was extracted with EA (3×10 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (10 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, DCM:MeOH=40:1 to 25:1) to afford 298-7 (350.00 mg, 85.5%) as a light yellow solid.

To a solution of 298-7 (350.0 mg, 546.13 μmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added NH₄F (405 mg, 10.9 mmol) in one portion at 25° C. The mixture was heated to 65° C. and stirred for 2 h. TLC (EA:MeOH=8:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled to 25° C. and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40° C. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, EA:MeOH=20:1 to 10:1) to afford 298 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ=7.59 (d, J=7.28 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (br. s., 2H), 7.25 (br. s., 1H), 6.29 (br. s., 1H), 6.01 (br. s., 1H), 5.82 (d, J=7.53 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (br. s., 1H), 3.88 (br. s., 2H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) d ppm −116.61 (br. s., 1F) −115.98 (br. s., 1F).

Example 176 Compound 299

To a solution of K₂CO₃ (967.5 mg, 7.0 mmol) and TsN₃ (552.2 mg, 2.80 mmol) in MeCN (10 mL) was added 1-dimethoxyphosphorylpropan-2-one (465.1 mg, 2.80 mmol) in one portion at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2H. A solution of 298-5 (900.0 mg, 1.40 mmol, 1.00 eq.) in MeOH (10 mL) was added in one portion at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. TLC (PE:EA=2:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was poured into water (10 mL) and extracted with EA (2×50 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated brine (10 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=5:1 to 2:1) to afford 299-1 (800 mg, 98.2%) as an off-white solid.

To a solution of 299-1 (500 mg, 780.20 μmol), DMAP (190.6 mg, 1.56 mmol) and TEA (236.9 mg, 2.34 mmol) in MeCN (5 mL), was added 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (472.8 mg, 1.56 mmol) in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins, then warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 2 h. TLC (PE:EA=2:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The reaction was quenched by water (5 mL) and extracted with EA (2×10 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with aq. HCl (1 mL, 0.5 M), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue (650.0 mg, 91.83%) was obtained as a light yellow gum, which was used in next step without further purification.

To a solution of the residue from the previous step (650 mg, 716.4 μmol) in MeCN (5 mL) was added NH₃.H₂O (5 mL) in one portion at 25° C., and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. TLC (DCM:MeOH=20:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was extracted with EA (2×20 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=1:1) to afford 299-2 (350 mg, 76.35%) as an off-white solid.

A mixture of 299-2 (350.0 mg, 546.98 μmol) and NH₄F (405.0 mg, 10.93 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was heated to 65° C. and stirred for 2 h. LCMS and TLC (EA:MeOH=10:1) showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled to 25° C. and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (300-400 mesh silica gel, EA:MeOH=20:1 to 10:1) to afford 299 (102 mg, 64.93%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄), δ=7.73 (d, J=7.28 Hz, 1H), 6.31-6.42 (m, 1H), 5.95 (d, J=7.53 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (t, J=13.55 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (d, J=12.55 Hz, 1H), 3.73-3.80 (m, 1H) 3.25 (s, 1H); ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, METHANOL-d₄), δ=−115.52-−112.60 (m, 1F).

Example 177 Compound 300

To a solution of 300-1 (20 g, 66.8 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (180 mL) was added BzCl (30.9 g, 220.3 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with EA and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30% EA in PE) to give 300-2 (34.6 g, 90%) as a white solid.

300-2 (33 g, 57.3 mmol) was dissolved in 90% CH₃COOH (360 mL) and heated to 115° C. The mixture was stirred at 115° C. for 12 h. The solvent was removed, and the residue was diluted with EA. The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give 300-3 (26 g, crude) as a white solid.

300-3 (21 g, 44.5 mmol) was dissolved in a solution (400 mL, 10M) of NH₃ in MeOH. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to give 300-4 (9.4 g, 80.4%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ=7.90-7.80 (m, 1H), 6.18-6.09 (m, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (dt, J=8.2, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.76 (dd, J=2.8, 12.5 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (s, 1H).

To a solution of 300-4 (9 g, 34.1 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (60 mL) was added TBSCl (7.7 g, 51.1 mmol) at 25° C. under N₂. The solution was stirred at 50° C. for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA. The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (20% EA in PE) to give 300-5 (11 g, 85.5%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 300-5 (10.2 g, 27 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was added AgNO₃ (9.2 g, 53.9 mmol), collidine (13.1 g, 107.8 mmol) and MMTrCl (10 g, 32.3 mmol) at 25° C. under N₂. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH, and the mixture was filtrated on celite. The filtrate was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combine organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (25% EA in PE) to give 300-6 (15 g, 85.6%) as a white solid.

300-6 (10.5 g, 16.1 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of TBAF in THF (1M, 60 mL) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 4 h. The mixture was extracted with EA, and the combined layer was washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (30% EA in PE) to give 300-7 (8.1 g, 93.6%) as a white foam.

To a solution of 300-7 (17.0 g, 31.7 mmol) in CH₃CN (150 mL) was added IBX (9.7 g, 34.9 mmol) at 25° C. The mixture was heated to 100° C., and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to 25° C. The mixture was filtered, and the filter cake was washed with MeCN. The filtrate was concentrated under reduce pressure to give a residue (16 g, crude) as a yellow solid. The residue (16 g, crude) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (150 mL), and the solution was treated with 37% aq. formaldehyde (18.5 g, 227.5 mmol) and aq. NaOH (2 M, 30 mL) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. EtOH (30 mL) and NaBH₄ (10 g, 265.7 mmol) were added at 0° C. After stirring for 1 h at 25° C., the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl at 0° C. The mixture was diluted with EA. The organic phase was separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with EA. The combined organic phase was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuum to give a residue, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (2% MeOH in DCM) to afford 300-8 (8.1 g, 53.1%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ=11.52 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.22 (m, 13H), 6.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.30 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92-4.86 (m, 1H), 4.61-4.51 (m, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J=5.1, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H).

To an ice cooled solution of 300-8 (2.5 g, 4.4 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (35 mL) was added pyridine (3.5 g, 44.1 mmol) and Tf₂O (3.7 g, 13.2 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 40 mins. The reaction was quenched with ice water and stirred for 10 mins. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. The organic layer was concentrated to give a residue, which was purified on the silica gel column (15% EA in PE) to give 300-9 (2.6 g, 71%) as a yellow foam.

To a stirred solution of 300-9 (1.8 g, 2.2 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (25 mL) was added NaH (107 mg, 2.7 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. TLC (PE: EA=1:1) showed the reaction was complete. To the solution was added NaI (3.1 g, 20.6 mmol) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 h. TLC (PE: EA=1:1) showed the reaction was complete. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EA. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated at low pressure to give 300-10 (1.4 g, crude) as a yellow solid.

300-10 (1.4 g, crude) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL), and the mixture was treated with aq. NaOH (2 M, 2.7 mL) at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 4 h at 25° C. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and extracted with EA. The organic layer was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography (40% EA in PE) to give 300-11 (1.4 g, 94.9%).

To a solution of 300-11 (1.45 g, 2.1 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL) was added Et₃N (434 mg, 4.3 mmol) and Pd/C (101 mg, 88.7 μmol). The mixture was stirred under H₂ (15 psi) for 12 h at 25° C. The suspension was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (1% MeOH in DCM) to give 300-12 (1.2 g, 97.6%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 300-12 (930 mg, 1.7 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (10 mL) was added imidazole (287 mg, 4.2 mmol) and TBSCl (636 mg, 4.2 mmol) at 25° C. under N₂. The solution was stirred at 25° C. for 5 h. The mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in EA. The mixture was washed with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column (15% EA in PE) to give 300-13 (968 mg, 86.2%) as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of 300-13 (568 mg, 854.4 μmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (8 mL) was added DMAP (209 mg, 1.7 mmol), TPSCl (504 mg, 1.7 mmol) and TEA (173 mg, 1.7 mmol) at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. NH₃*H₂O (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. The mixture was extracted with EA and washed with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to give a residue, which was purified on a silica gel column (3% MeOH in DCM) to give 300-14 (480 mg, 84.6%) as a yellow foam. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=7.65-7.40 (m, 13H), 6.97 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (dd, J=6.4, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J=9.0, 14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.60 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 1.66-1.55 (m, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

300-14 (501 mg, 753.2 μmol) was dissolved in 80% HCOOH (20 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 4 h. The solvent was removed at low pressure, and the residue was purified on a silica gel column (6% MeOH in DCM) to give 300 (151 mg, 71.8%) as a white solid. ESI-MS:m/z 278.11 [M+H]⁺, 555.18 [2M+H]⁺.

Example 178 Compound 301

To a solution of 301-1 (120 g, 0.26 mol) in anhydrous MeCN (2 L) was added IBX (109 g, 0.39 mol). The mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 18 h. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give 301-2 (142 g) as a brown oil, which was used without purification for the next step.

To a solution of 301-2 (142 g) in anhydrous THF (1.5 L) was added vinylmagnesium bromide (830 mL, 0.83 mol, 1 N) dropwise at −78° C., and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by sat. aq. NH₄Cl (2 L) at 0° C. THF was removed under vacuum, and the residue was diluted with EtOAc. The solution was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a light brown oil.

To the light brown oil in anhydrous DCM (2.5 L) was added DMAP (63.5 g, 0.52 mol), Et₃N (79 g, 0.78 mol) and BzCl (110 g, 0.78 mol) at 0° C., and the mixture stirred overnight at RT. The mixture was diluted with DCM (2 L) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (3 L) and brine (1.5 L). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column (PE:EA=20:1˜10:1) to give 301-3 (112.7 g, 72.3%) as a yellow oil.

A stirring mixture of uracil (36.25 g, 323.7 mmol) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (131.69 g, 647.4 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (180 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h, then cooled to RT. A solution of 301-3 (95.9 g, 161.85 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (500 mL) was added, followed by treatment with SnCl₄ (168.66 g, 647.4 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (3 L), and extracted with EtOAc (3×1 L). The organic phase was washed with brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by a silica gel column (PE:EA=20:1˜10:1) to give 301-4 (33 g, 35%) as a light yellow oil.

301-4 (33 g, 56.65 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃:MeOH (800 mL, 7 N), and the mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by a column (1% MeOH in DCM) to give 301-5 (12.6 g, 82.4%) as a light yellow foam.

To a solution of 301-5 (2.57 g, 8.76 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added AgNO₃ (8.93 g, 52.56 mmol) and imidazole (3.58 g, 52.56 mmol), then TBSCl (5.28 g, 35.04 mmol) was added in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The residue was poured into ice:water (w:w=1:1) (30 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (3×20 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (column height: 250 mm, diameter: 100 mm, 100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=3:1 to 2:1) to afford 301-6 (3.68 g, 80.51%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 301-6 (3.48 g, 6.67 mmol) and AgNO₃ (3.40 g, 20.01 mmol) in pyridine (30 mL) was added (chloro(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene)dibenzene (4.12 g, 13.34 mmol) in one portion at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was diluted with EA and filtered. The filtrate was washed with brine and separated. The organic layer was concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (column height: 250 mm, diameter: 100 mm, 100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=10:1 to 5:1) to afford 301-7 (4.40 g, 83.07%) as a yellow foam.

To a solution of 301-7 (4.30 g, 5.41 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added NH₄F (801.55 mg, 21.64 mmol) in one portion at 25° C. The mixture was heated to 68° C. and stirred for 4 h. LCMS trace showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was cooled to 25° C. and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (column height: 250 mm, diameter: 100 mm, 100-200 mesh silica gel, DCM:MeOH:NH₃.H₂O=30:1:0.05 to 10:1:0.05) to afford 301-8 (3.00 g, 98.04%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 301-8 (3.00 g, 5.30 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added NaH (848 mg, 21.20 mmol) in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins. BnBr (3.63 g, 21.20 mmol) was added at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred for 16 h at 25° C. TLC showed that the reaction was completed. The mixture was poured into ice-water (w/w=1/1) (30 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (3×20 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (column height: 250 mm, diameter: 100 mm, 200-300 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=20:1 to 10:1) to afford 301-9 (670 mg, 15.1%).

Ozone was bubbled into a solution of 301-9 (500 mg, 598.10 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) and MeOH (8 mL) at −78° C. for 20 mins. After excess O₃ was purged by O₂, NaBH₄ (113.13 mg, 2.99 mmol) was added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 20 mins. TLC showed that the starting material was consumed. The mixture was concentrated to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (PE:EA=5:1) to give 301-10 (167.00 mg, 33.24%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 301-10 (216.70 mg, 257.99 μmol) and DMAP (63.04 mg, 515.98 μmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added MsCl (44.33 mg, 386.98 μmol) in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then warmed to 25° C. and stirred for 1 h. LCMS showed that the reaction was completed. The residue was poured into ice-water (w/w=1/1) (10 mL), and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with sat. brine (3×10 mL), dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (column height: 250 mm, diameter: 100 mm, 100-200 mesh silica gel, PE:EA=10:1 to 5:1) to afford a mesylate intermediate (167.00 mg, 70.51%) as a yellow foam.

The mesylated intermediate (167 mg) was dissolved in TBAF:THF (10 mL, 1N) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h. The mixture was slowly cooled to 25° C., and quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution. The solution was extracted with EA. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography (EA:PE=5:1-2:1) to give 301-11 (80 mg, 43.8%).

301-11 (80.00 mg, 0.087 mmol) was dissolved in 80% AcOH (5 mL) solution, and stirred at 45° C. for 1.0 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. Na₂HCO₃ solution and extracted with EA (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give 301-12 (38 mg, 60%) as a white foam solid. ESI-MS:m/z 570.4 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of 301-12 (113.8 mg, 0.2 mmol) in DCM (0.5 mL) was added BCl₃/DCM (1.0 N) (1 mL) at −78° C., and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 mins. The reaction was quenched with MeOH and concentrated to dryness at low pressure. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC with NH₃.H₂O buffer to give 301 (26 mg, 44%) as a white solid.

Example 179 Compound 302

To a mixture of 302-1 (2.00 g, 3.5 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) and DCM (10 mL) was added BzCl (496 mg, 3.5 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 mins, and then stirred at 25° C. for 6.5 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (80 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (2×100 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (80 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (30% EA in PE) to afford 302-2 (1.28 g, 54%) as a white solid.

To a mixture of 302-2 (680 mg, 1.0 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added imidazole (412 mg, 6.1 mmol), AgNO₃ (514 mg, 3.0 mmol) and TBDPSCl (832 mg, 3.0 mmol) at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (30 mL), and then extracted with EA (2×30 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (25% EA in PE) to afford 302-3 (750 mg, 82%) as a white solid.

302-3 (660 mg, 0.7 mmol) was dissolved in NH₃:MeOH (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 36 h in sealed tube, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (30% EA in PE) to afford 302-4 (430 mg, 73%) as a white solid. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ=9.05 (s, 1H), 7.81-7.10 (m, 21H), 6.81 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 6.42 (m, 1H), 6.20 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.60 (m, 5H), 2.55 (s, 1H), 0.90-0.74 (m, 9H).

To a mixture of 302-4 (280 mg, 0.3 mmol) in DCM (3.5 mL) was added Dess-Martin (295 mg, 0.7 mmol) in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3.5 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and sat. aq. Na₂S₂O₃. (v:v=1:1, 30 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (2×20 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to afford 302-5 (260 mg, crude) as a yellow solid, which was used in the next step without further purification.

To a stirred solution of Methyl-triphenyl-phosphonium bromide (359 mg, 1.0 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1 mL) was added KOBu-t (1 mL, 1.0 mmol, 1 M in THF) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. A solution of 302-5 (260 mg, 0.3 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1 mL) was added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl (20 mL) and extracted with EA (30 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to give a light white solid, which was purified by column chromatography (10% EA in PE) to give 302-6 (131 mg, 50%) as a yellow solid. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ=8.40 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.21 (m, 21H), 7.10 (dd, J=1.8, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.37 (dd, J=11.0, 17.4 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J=7.2, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.59-5.43 (m, 2H), 5.10-4.92 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.78 (s, 3H), 3.78-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.56 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 0.99-0.77 (s, 9H).

To a solution of 302-6 (1.50 g, 1.9 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added 9-BBN (0.5 M, 22.5 mL) at 27° C. under N₂. The mixture was heated to 70° C. by microwave and stirred for 0.5 h. Sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (15 mL) and H₂O₂ (7.5 mL) were added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred vigorously at 27° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. Na₂S₂O₃ (60 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (2×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (80 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (30% EA in PE) to afford 302-7 (930 mg, 61%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 302-7 (1.24 g, 1.5 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added Dess-Martin (1.28 g, 3.0 mmol) in one portion at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 27° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and sat. aq. Na₂S₂O₃ (v:v=1:1, 60 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (2×50 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (80 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to afford 302-8 (1.21 g, crude) as a yellow solid.

To a stirred solution of Methyl-triphenyl-phosphonium bromide (1.64 g, 4.6 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5.5 mL) was added t-BuOK (1 M, 4.4 mL) at 0° C. dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 27° C. for 1 h. A solution of 302-8 (1.21 g crude, 1.5 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 27° C. for 12 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl (70 mL), extracted with EA (2×50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (80 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness to give a light yellow solid, which was purified by column chromatography (15 EA in PE) to give 302-9 (970 mg, 80%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 302-9 (970 mg, 1.2 mmol) in CH₃CN (10 mL) was added TPSCl (877 mg, 3.0 mmol), DMAP (363 mg, 3.0 mmol) and TEA (301 mg, 3.0 mmol) at 27° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 27° C. for 1.5 h. NH₃.H₂O (5 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 27° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl (60 mL), and then extracted with EA (2×40 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine (60 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (2% MeOH in DCM) to afford 302-10 (810 mg, 83%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 302-10 (500 mg, 0.6 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was added NH₄F (455 mg, 12.3 mmol) at 27° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 12 h. The mixture was then cooled to RT and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (5% MeOH in DCM) to afford crude 302 (120 mg, crude). The crude was purified by prep-HPLC (neutral condition) to give 302 (86 mg, 45%) as a white solid. MS:m/z=304 [M+H]⁺.

Example 180 Compound 303

To a mixture of 303-1 (30 g, 122.85 mmol) and 1,1-dimethoxycyclopentane (86 g, 660.93 mmol) in DCE (200 mL) was added TsOH.H₂O (2.34 g, 12.29 mmol) in one portion at RT. The mixture was heated to 70° C. and stirred for 14 h. The mixture was cooled to RT and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (1-10% MeOH in DCM) to give 303-2 (25 g, 65.6%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 303-2 (20 g, 64.45 mmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (200 mL) was added IBX (19.85 g, 70.9 mmol) at RT. The mixture was refluxed for 18 h. and then cooled to 0° C. The precipitate was filtered-off, and the filtrate was concentrated to give crude 303-3 (20 g, 100%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 303-3 (20 g, 64.87 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (200 mL) were added 37% HCHO (20 mL) and 2.0 M NaOH aq. solution (40 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at RT overnight and then neutralized with AcOH to pH=7. The solution was treated with NaBH₄ (4.91 g, 129.74 mmol) at 20° C. The mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl. The mixture was extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1-3% MeOH in DCM) to give 303-4 (9 g, 40.8%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 303-4 (15.50 g, 45.54 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (80.00 mL) was added DMTrCl (18.52 g, 54.65 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20.00 mL) dropwise at −30° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. overnight. The solution was treated with MeOH and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography (50% EA in PE) to give 303-5 (10.59 g, yield 32.56%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 303-5 (2.90 g, 4.51 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20.00 mL) was added AgNO₃ (1.15 g, 6.77 mmol), imidazole (767.60 mg, 11.28 mmol) and TBDPSCl (1.86 g, 6.77 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 14 h. The precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was washed with water and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed at low pressure. The crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (PE:EA=5:1) to afford 303-6 (2.79 g, 63.19%) as a yellow solid.

303-6 (2.79 g, 3.17 mmol) was dissolved in 80% HOAc aq. solution (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 4 h. The solution was treated with MeOH and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE:EA=4:1) to give 303-7 (0.9 g, 44%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 303-7 (1.50 g, 2.59 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (20 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.32 g, 3.11 mmol) at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of Na₂S₂O₃/sodium bicarbonate saturated aqueous solution. The mixture was stirred for 15 mins. The organic layer was separated, washed with diluted brine and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EtOAc in PE) to give 303-8 (1.12 g, yield 67.48%) as a white solid.

To a solution of PPh₃CH₃Br (1.49 g, 4.16 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) was added n-BuLi (0.41 mL, 3.47 mmol) at −70° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 hour. A solution of 303-8 (800.00 mg, 1.39 mmol) in anhydrous THF (3 mL) was added dropwise at 0° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred 25° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc (3×60 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (20% EtOAc in PE) to give 303-9 (504 mg, 56.78%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 303-9 (500 mg, 869.96 μmol) in anhydrous CH₃CN (10.00 mL) was added 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (526.95 mg, 1.74 mmol), DMAP (212.57 mg, 1.74 mmol) and Et₃N (1.83 g, 18.04 mmol) at RT. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. NH₃.H₂O (5.00 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The mixture was extracted with EA and washed with brine, 0.1 M HCl and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (EtOAc) to give 303-10 (307 mg, 55.36%) as a yellow solid.

To a solution of 303-10 (307 mg, 535.08 μmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added NH₄F (814 mg, 20 mmol) at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 16 h. The solution was filtered and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel column (EA:MeOH=50:1) to give 303-11 (130 mg, 65.2%) as a white solid.

303-11 (108 mg, 322.05 μmol) was treated with HCl:MeOH (6 mL, 1N) at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. The aqueous phase was extracted with EA (3×10 mL). The residual aqueous solution was lyophilized to afford 303 (80.00 mg yield 87.65%) as a yellow solid. ESI-MS:m/z 270 [M+H]⁺.

Example 181 Compound 304

To a mixture of K₂CO₃ (2.40 g, 17.35 mmol) and TsN₃ (1.37 g, 6.94 mmol) in CH₃CN (20 mL) was added 1-dimethoxyphosphorylpropan-2-one (1.15 g, 6.94 mmol) in one portion at 25° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. A solution of 304-1 (2.00 g, 3.47 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added in one portion at 25° C. under N₂, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC (TFA buffer) to give 304-2 (1.50 g, 75%) as a white solid.

To a solution of 304-2 (600 mg, 1.05 mmol) in dry CH₃CN (60 mL) was added TEA (212 mg, 2.10 mmol), DMAP (256 mg, 2.10 mmol) and 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (635 mg, 2.10 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. NH₃.H₂O (10 mL) was added at 25° C. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution, and extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (PE:EA=3:1 to 0:1), and prep-TLC (DCM:MeOH=10:1) to give 304-3 (380 mg, 63%) as a white solid.

A solution of 304-3 (300 mg, 0.52 mmol) and NH₄F (194 mg, 5.25 mmol) in dry MeOH (5 mL) was stirred at 65° C. for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated at low pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (DCM:MeOH=50:1 to 10:1) to afford 304-4 (140 mg, 80%) as a white solid.

A solution of 304-4 (100 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 1 N HCl:MeOH (5 mL) was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under 40° C. The residue was washed with CH₃CN (5×2 mL) to give 304 (61 mg, 67%) as a white solid. ESI-LCMS:m/z 268.1 [M+H]⁺.

Example 182 Compound 305

To a solution of N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-L-valine (8.06 g, 37.1 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in anhydrous ACN (60 mL) was added carbonyldiimidazole (6.01 g, 37.1 mmol, 1.5 eq.). The reaction was stirred for 1 h at RT and then cooled to 0° C. A solution of 44 (14.9 g, 24.7 mmol, 1 eq.) in anhydrous ACN (50 mL) was added to the cooled solution of N—BOC-valine imidazolide, and the resulting solution was treated with Et₃N (6.4 mL, 49.4 mmol, 2 eq.). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction was quenched 1M citric acid to pH 2-3 (150 mL), stirred for 15 mins and diluted with IPAC (200 mL). The organic layer was separated, washed sequentially with water and half sat. sodium bicarbonate and water (2×). The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in MTBE (125 mL) under gentle heating (40° C.) to afford precipitation of the target compound. The solid was aged overnight at 0° C. and isolated by filtration to obtain 305-1 (18.0 g, 90.9%) as a white solid. MS:m/z=802 [M+1]⁺.

A stirred slurry of 305-1 (2.4 g, 3 mmol) in IPAC (45 mL) was treated with methanesulfonic acid (0.39 mL, 6 mmol, 2 eq.), and the mixture was stirred at 40° C. After 1 h, methanesulfonic acid (2×0.2 mL, 6 mmol, 2 eq.) was added, and the temperature was increased to 50° C. After 5 h, the mixture was cooled to RT. The solid was filtered off, washed with IPAC and dried under vacuum to yield 305 (2.0 g, 83%). Melting point=146° C.; MS:m/z 702.2 [M+H]⁺.

Example 183 Triphosphates

Dry nucleoside (0.05 mmol) was dissolved in the mixture of PO(OMe)₃ (0.7 mL) and pyridine (0.3 mL). The mixture was evaporated in vacuum for 15 mins at bath temperature (42° C.), than cooled down to RT. N-Methylimidazole (0.009 mL, 0.11 mmol) was added followed by POCl₃ (9 μL, 0.11 mmol), and the mixture was kept at RT for 20-40 mins. The reaction was controlled by LCMS and monitored by the appearance of corresponding nucleoside 5′-monophosphate. After completion, tetrabutylammonium salt of pyrophosphate (150 mg) was added, followed by DMF (0.5 mL) to get a homogeneous solution. After 1.5 h at ambient temperature, the reaction was diluted with water (10 mL) and loaded on the column HiLoad 16/10 with Q Sepharose High Performance. Separation was done in a linear gradient of NaCl from 0 to 1N in 50 mM TRIS-buffer (pH 7.5). Triphosphate was eluted at 75-80% B. Corresponding fractions were concentrated. Desalting was achieved by RP HPLC on Synergy 4 micron Hydro-RP column (Phenominex). A linear gradient of methanol from 0 to 30% in 50 mM triethylammonium acetate buffer (pH 7.5) was used for elution. The corresponding fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized 3 times to remove excess of buffer. Examples of compound made according to this procedure are provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2 MS 31P NMR Structure [M − 1] P(α) P(β) P(γ)  3

540.4 −10.90 −11.03(d) −23.38(t) −11.91 −12.03(d)  19

556.2 −10.92 −11.03(d) −23.18(t) −11.86 −11.98(d)  29

516.1 −7.49 −7.61(d) −22.42(t) −12.17 −12.30(d)  34

568.2 −5.60 −5.72(d) −21.13(bs) −10.93 −11.05(d)  37

539.3 −10.02 −10.36(d) −20.72(t) −11.27 −11.40(d)  58

510.8 −10.87 −10.99(d) −23.35(t) −11.76 −11.89(d)  59

543.8 −10.53 −10.66(d) −23.23(t) −11.63 −11.75(d)  61

538.9 −10.61 −10.73(d) −23.20(t) −11.74 −11.86(d)  62

538.9 −10.92 −11.04(d) −23.33(t) −11.81 −11.93(d)  72

529.3 −5.25 −5.37(d) −20.53(t) −11.42 −11.53(d)  73

551.4 −10.90 −11.02(d) −23.27(t) −11.87 −11.99(d)  74

535.0 −5.41 −5.53(d) −23.27(t) −11.39 −11.51(d)  79

529.2 −10.86 −10.98(d) −23.23(t) −11.85 −11.9(d)  80

535.0 −10.86 −10.98(d) −23.21(t) −11.81 −11.94(d)  81

529.2 −10.64 −10.73(d) −20.78(t) −11.42 −11.56(d)  82

534.3 −10.75 −10.89(d) −23.19(t) −11.46 −11.58(d)  91

528.0 −10.13(bs) −23.16(t) −11.64 −11.81(d)  92

528.9 −11.05 −11.08(d) −23.46(t) −11.79 −11.91(d)  93

561.7 −10.73 −10.85(d) −23.23(t) −11.63 −11.75(d)  94

534.0 −10.92 −10.64(d) −23.38(t) −11.61 −11.73(d)  95

512.8 −10.98 −11.11(d) −23.46(t) −11.70 −11.8(d) 101

556.2 −10.92 −10.07(d) −23.34(t) −11.70 −11.82(d) 103

566.0 −6.26 −6.39(d) −22.45(t) −11.66 −11.84(d) 107

539.3 −5.36(d) −20.72(t) −11.40(d) 111

564.0 −10.94 −11.06(d) −23.25(t) −11.85 −11.97(d) 114

546.9 −8.53(bs) −22.61(bs) −12.17 −12.29(d) 115

564.4 −11.05(bs) −23.25(bs) −11.96 −12.08(d) 123

566.0 −10.92 −11.04(d) −23.18(t) −11.93 −1(d) 124

513.8 −8.66(bs) −22.80(t) −12.17 −12.29(d) 132

579.4 −10.31 −10.44(d) −23.08(t) −11.81 −11.92(d) 133

563.0 −10.79 −10.91(d) −23.24(t) −11.80 −11.92(d) 147

517.1 −13.60 −13.72(d) −25.98(t) −15.05 −15.17(d) 149

533.3 −10.89 −11.01(d) −23.31(t) −12.49 −1(d) 162

570.4 −9.25 −9.28(d) −22.82(t) −11.29 −11.42(d) 163

542.2 −5.39 −5.40(d) −20.71(t) −11.52 −11.63(d) 164

529.8 −10.72(bs) −23.20(t) −11.73 −11.84(d) 166

548.2 −10.93 −11.05(d) −23.35(t) −12.00 −12.13(d) 167

535.3 −12.86 −12.98(d) −25.60(t) −14.24 −14.36(d) 168

534.3 −7.78(bs) −22.30(t) −11.70(bs) 184

523.1 42.93 −23.28 −7.94 185

523.3 42.69 −22.93 −6.22 202

529.8 −6.53(m) −22.27(m) −11.27 203

545.9 −8.6(br) −22.80(t) −11.35(d) 205

— −4.97(m) −20.04(m) −10.72(m) 208

539.5 −7.42(bs) −22.57(t) −12.23 −12.34(d) 209

513.1 −6.36 −6.49(d) −22.49(t) −12.20 −12.33(d) 210

547.3 −10.95 −11.07(d) −23.32(t) −11.91 −12.03(d) 215

526.8 −10.96 −11.08(d) −23.33(t) −12.41 −12.53(d) 236

527   −10.68 −10.80(d) −23.35(t) −12.30 −12.42(d) 237

540.5 −10.91 −11.03(d) −23.38(t) −12.24 −12.37(d) 238

539   −10.88 −10.99(d) −23.41(t) −12.15 −12.27(d) 239

529   −10.83 −10.95(d) −23.27(t) −12.25 −12.37(d) 240

538.4 −9.19(bs) −22.50(t) −12.04(bs) 241

536.0 −10.69 −10.81(d) −23.27(t) −11.72 −12.85(d) 242

548.2 −10.85 −10.97(d) −23.27(t) −11.62 −11.74(d) 243

510.1 −10.55 −10.67(d) −23.27(t) −11.72 −12.85(d) 244

544.9 −10.97 −11.05(d) −23.28(t) −11.77 −12.89(d) 245

577.6 −10.42 −10.54(d) −23.06(t) −11.61 −12.73(d) 246

554.0 −10.85 −10.96(d) −23.24(t) −11.52 −11.64(d) 249

552.4 −6.17(bs) −21.02(t) −10.09(bs) 251

541.4 −10.87 −11.99(d) −23.21(t) −11.72 −11.84(d) 252

553.4 −10.91 −11.03(d) −23.31(t) −11.74 −11.87(d) 253

555.6 −8.63 −8.76(d) −24.61(t) −13.90 −14.03(d) 254

551.4 −9.74 −9.86(d) −22.89(t) −11.46 −11.58(d) 255

553.4 −10.98 −11.10(d) −23.38(t) −11.86 −11.98(d) 256

547.2 −10.91 −11.03(d) −23.33(t) −11.79 −11.91(d) 257

533.4 −10.78(br.s) −23.22(t) −12.24 −12.36(d) 258

546.3 −10.52(bs) −23.05(t) −11.64 −11.76(d) 261

496.9 −8.24 −8.36(d) −21.66(t) −11.14 −11.26(d) 262

520.4 −10.87 −10.97(d) −23.34(t) −11.86 −11.97(d) 263

513.8 −8.20(bs) −22.74(t) −11.52 −11.64(d) 264

514.9 −9.95 −10.08(d) −23.14(t) −11.64 −11.76(d) 273

547.0 −10.78 −10.91(d) −23.31(t) −11.84 −11.96(d) 274

557.4 −10.96 −11.09(d) −23.35(t) −11.93 −12.05(d) 275

537.4 −10.90 −11.03(d) −23.35(t) −11.84 −11.96(d) 276

514.0 −10.27 −11.39(d) −23.18(t) −11.39 −11.51(d) 277

516.2 −9.52(br.s) −22.74(br.s) −11.75(br.s) 278

538.0 −10.15(br.s) −22.86(t) −11.28 −11.40(d) 279

526.2 −9.97(br.s) −22.81(t) −12.12 −12.23(d)

Example 184 Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II)

The foregoing syntheses are exemplary and can be used as a starting point to prepare additional compounds of Formulae (I) and (II). Examples of additional compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) are shown below. These compounds can be prepared in various ways, including those synthetic schemes shown and described herein. Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize modifications of the disclosed syntheses and to devise routes based on the disclosures herein; all such modifications and alternate routes are within the scope of the claims.

Example 185 Picornavirus Assay

HeLa-OHIO cells (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) were plated in 96 well plates at a density of 1.5×10⁵ cells per well in assay media (MEM without phenol red or L-glutamine, supplemented with 1% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 2 mM GlutaGro, and 1×MEM nonessential amino acids, all from Cellgro, Manassas, Va.). Assay setup took place after allowing cells to adhere for 24 h. Compounds dissolved in DMSO were serially diluted in assay media to 2× final concentration. Media was aspirated from the cells, and 100 μl media with compound was added in triplicate. Human rhinovirus 1B (ATCC, Manassas, Va.) was diluted in assay media, and 100 μL was added to cells and compound. The virus inoculum was selected to cause 80-90% cytopathic effect in 4 d. Infected cells were incubated for 4 d at 33° C., 5% CO₂. To develop the assay, 100 μL media was replaced with 100 μL CellTiter-Glo® reagent (Promega, Madison, Wis.), and incubated for 10 mins at RT. Luminescence was measured on a Victor X3 multi-label plate reader.

Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) are active in this assay. The antiviral activity of exemplary compounds is shown in Table 3, where ‘A’ indicates an EC₅₀<1 μM, ‘B’ indicates an EC₅₀≧1 μM and <10 μM, and ‘C’ indicates an EC₅₀≧10 μM and <100 μM.

TABLE 3 Compound # EC₅₀ 1 B 5 C 7 B 8 B 9 A 10 A 13 A 14 C 16 B 17 C 18 C 21 A 22 B 25 A 26 B 27 A 28 A 31 B 33 A 36 A 40 C 43 C 44 A 46 A 52 A 53 A 55 A 57 A 63 A 64 B 65 C 66 C 68 A 69 B 70 B 71 B 75 B 76 A 83 A 84 A 85 B 86 C 87 B 88 C 89 C 99 B 106 B 150 B 151 A 152 B 153 B 158 C 159 C 160 A 161 B 280 C 281 A 282 A 283 C 284 B 286 B 287 A 288 C 289 A 295 C 296 B 297 C 298 B 300 A 301 C 303 C

HeLa-OHIO cells were plated at a density of 1.5×10⁵ cells per mL (1.5×10⁴ cells per well) in assay media (MEM without phenol red or L-glutamine (Gibco cat. #51200) supplemented with 1% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat. #30-002-CI), and 1% Glutamax (Gibco cat. #35050) in clear-bottom black 96 well plates. After 24 h, media was removed and replaced with serially diluted compounds in assay media. For EC₅₀ measurements, cells were infected with 70 TCID₅₀ of HRV-1b or an equivalent inoculum for the other virus strains in 100 μL assay media. The virus inoculum was normalized between the different virus strains to achieve a signal/background of ratio of 10. After 4-6 days, cell viability was measured using CellTiter Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega cat. #G7572). 100 μL media was removed from each well and 100 μL CellTiter Glo reagent was added. Plates were incubated at RT for 5 mins, then luminescence was measured using a Perkin Elmer multilabel counter Victor3V. EC₅₀ values were determined using XLFit.

Compounds 44 and 160 were found to be active and have an EC₅₀ less than 1 μM against several human rhinovirus strains, including HRV-25, HRV-56, HRV-21, HRV-02, HRV-19, HRV-16, HRV-53, HRV-68, HRV-45, HRV-84, HRV-70, HRV-79 and HRV-14. Both compounds were also active against HRV-89 with compounds 44 and 160 each having an EC₅₀ in the range of 1 μM to 2 μM. In contrast, BTA-798 (Vapendavir) was found to be inactive against 2 of the 15 tested strains. Additionally, compounds 44 and 160 were not cytotoxicity (CC₅₀>100 μM (n>5)) in the HeLa OHIO host cell line.

Example 186 Picornavirus Polymerase Inhibition Assay

The enzyme activity of human rhinovirus 16 polymerase (HRV16pol) was measured as an incorporation of tritiated NMP into acid-insoluble RNA products. HRV16pol assay reactions contained 30 Nm recombinant enzyme, 50 Nm heteropolymeric RNA, about 0.5 μCi tritiated NTP, 0.1 Mm of competing cold NTP, 40 Mm Tris-HCl (Ph 7.0), 3 Mm dithiothreitol, and 0.5 Mm MgCl₂. Standard reactions were incubated for 2.5 h at 30° C., in the presence of increasing concentration of inhibitor. At the end of the reaction, RNA was precipitated with 10% TCA, and acid-insoluble RNA products were filtered on a size exclusion 96-well plate. After washing of the plate, scintillation liquid was added and radiolabeled RNA products were detected according to standard procedures with a Trilux Microbeta scintillation counter. The compound concentration at which the enzyme-catalyzed rate was reduced by 50% (IC₅₀) was calculated by fitting the data to a non-linear regression (sigmoidal).

The IC₅₀ values were derived from the mean of several independent experiments and are shown in Table 4. Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) showed activity in this assay. A value of ‘A’ in the table below indicates an IC₅₀ of <1 μM, a value of ‘B’ indicates an IC₅₀<10 M, and a value of ‘C’ indicates an IC₅₀ value of <100 μM.

TABLE 4 Compound # IC₅₀ 3 B 19 A 29 A 34 A 37 A 58 B 59 C 61 A 62 A 72 C 73 B 74 B 79 B 80 B 81 B 82 A 91 B 92 A 93 A 97 B 101 A 107 A 103 A 110 B 111 A 114 A 115 A 116 B 117 C 123 A 124 A 132 B 162 A 168 B 202 A 205 A 208 B 215 B 236 B 237 A 238 B 239 B 240 A 242 B 243 B 244 B 245 A 246 A 249 C 251 B 252 B 253 B 254 A 255 B 256 B 257 B 258 A 273 B 274 B 275 B 276 B 277 B 278 C 279 B

Example 187 Enterovirus Assay Cells

HeLa OHIO cells were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, Mo.) and cultured in MEM with Glutamax (Gibco cat. #41090) supplemented with 10% FBS (Mediatech cat. #35-011-CV) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat. #30-002-CI), at 37° C. with 5% CO₂. RD cells were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va.) and cultured in DMEM, supplemented with 10% FBS (Mediatech cat. #35-011-CV) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat. #30-002-CI), at 37° C. with 5% CO₂.

Determination of Anti-Enterovirus Activity

For HRV16, EV68, and CVB3, HeLa-OHIO cells were plated at a density of 1.5×10⁵ cells per mL (1.5×10⁴ cells per well) in assay media (MEM without phenol red or L-glutamine (Gibco cat. #51200) supplemented with 1% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat. #30-002-CI), and 1% Glutamax (Gibco cat. #35050)) in clear-bottom black 96 well plates. For EV71, RD cells were plated at a density of 5×10⁴ cells per mL (5000 cells per well) in assay media (DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin). After 24 h, media was removed and replaced with serially diluted compounds in assay media. For EC₅₀ measurements, cells were infected in 100 μL assay media with a virus inoculum sufficient to obtain a 10-fold reduction of the cell viability in the infected control compared to uninfected control cells. After 2-6 days, cell viability was measured using CellTiter Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega cat. #G7572). Cells infected with EV-71 and CVB3 were cultured at 37° C., while cells infected with HRV-16 or EV-68 were cultured at 33° C. 100 μL media was removed from each well and 100 μL CellTiter Glo reagent was added. Plates were incubated at RT for 5 mins, then luminescence was measured using a Perkin Elmer multilabel counter Victor3V. EC₅₀ values were determined using XLFit.

Compound 44 inhibited replication of all four viruses tested (human rhinovirus 16 (HRV-16), coxasackie B3 (CVB3), enterovirus-68 (EV-68) and enterovirus-71 (EV-71)) with an EC₅₀ ranging from 0.38 to 2.52 M (mean 1.39±1.14 μM). By comparison, BTA-798 was not active against all the tested viruses, and was found to be inactive against CVB3. As described herein, compound 44 can be obtained after the removal of the group(s) attached to the phosphorus of a compound described herein (for example, a compound of Formulae (I) and/or (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing); and therefore, prodrugs of compound 44 will also be active against the picornaviruses described herein.

Example 188 HCV Replicon Assay Cells

Huh-7 cells containing the self-replicating, subgenomic HCV replicon with a stable luciferase (LUC) reporter were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 2 mM L-glutamine and supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomyocin, 1% nonessential amino acids, and 0.5 mg/Ml G418.

Determination of Anti-HCV Activity

Determination of 50% inhibitory concentration (EC₅₀) of compounds in HCV replicon cells were performed by the following procedure. On the first day, 5,000 HCV replicon cells were plated per well in a 96-well plate. On the following day, test compounds were solubilized in 100% DMSO to 100× the desired final testing concentration. Each compound was then serially diluted (1:3) up to 9 different concentrations. Compounds in 100% DMSO are reduced to 10% DMSO by diluting 1:10 in cell culture media. The compounds were diluted to 10% DMSO with cell culture media, which were used to dose the HCV replicon cells in 96-well format. The final DMSO concentration was 1%. The HCV replicon cells were incubated at 37° C. for 72 hours. At 72 hours, cells were processed when the cells are still subconfluent. Compounds that reduce the LUC signal are determined by Bright-Glo Luciferase Assay (Promega, Madison, Wis.). % Inhibition was determined for each compound concentration in relation to the control cells (untreated HCV replicon) to calculate the EC₅₀.

Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) are active in the HCV replicon assay. The antiviral activity of exemplary compounds is shown in Table 5, where ‘A’ indicates an EC₅₀<1 μM, ‘B’ indicates an EC₅₀≧1 μM and <10 μM, and ‘C’ indicates an EC₅₀≧10 μM and <100 μM.

TABLE 5 Compound # EC₅₀ 14 C 16 B 21 B 22 B 36 A 43 A 44 A 52 A 54 C 57 A 63 B 64 C 65 C 67 C 70 B 71 B 75 C 76 B 84 B 85 B 99 B 104 C 106 C 280 C 281 A 282 A 283 B 284 B 286 A 287 A 288 C 289 A 295 B 298 C 300 C 301 A 303 B

Example 189 NS5B Inhibition Assay

The enzyme activity of NS5B570-Con1 (Delta-21) was measured as an incorporation of tritiated NMP into acid-insoluble RNA products. The complementary IRES (Cires) RNA sequence was used as a template, corresponding to 377 nucleotides from the 3′-end of HCV (−) strand RNA of the Con-1 strain, with a base content of 21% Ade, 23% Ura, 28% Cyt, and 28% Gua. The Cires RNA was transcribed in vitro using a T7 transcription kit (Ambion, Inc.) and purified using the Qiagen Rneasy maxi kit. HCV polymerase reactions contained 50 Nm NS5B570-Con1, 50 Nm Cires RNA, about 0.5 μCi tritiated NTP, 1 Mm of competing cold NTP, 20 Mm NaCl, 40 Mm Tris-HCl (Ph 8.0), 4 Mm dithiothreitol, and 4 Mm MgCl₂. Standard reactions were incubated for 2 hours at 37° C., in the presence of increasing concentration of inhibitor. At the end of the reaction, RNA was precipitated with 10% TCA, and acid-insoluble RNA products were filtered on a size exclusion 96-well plate. After washing of the plate, scintillation liquid was added and radio labeled RNA products were detected according to standard procedures with a Trilux Topcount scintillation counter. The compound concentration at which the enzyme-catalyzed rate was reduced by 50% (IC₅₀) was calculated by fitting the data to a non-linear regression (sigmoidal).

The IC₅₀ values were derived from the mean of several independent experiments and are shown in Table 6. Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) are active in this assay. A value of ‘A’ in the table below indicates an IC₅₀ of <1 μM, a value of ‘B’ indicates an IC₅₀≧1 μM and <10 μM, and a value of ‘C’ indicates an IC₅₀ value of ≧10 μM and <100 μM.

TABLE 6 Compound # IC₅₀ 3 C 19 A 29 A 34 A 37 C 59 B 61 A 62 A 72 C 73 C 74 C 79 C 80 C 82 C 91 A 92 A 93 C 98 C 101 A 103 A 110 A 111 A 114 A 115 A 116 A 117 B 123 A 124 A 147 A 149 A 162 B 203 A 205 A 208 A 209 A 210 B 215 A 236 B 239 C 240 A 243 B 244 A 245 C 246 A 249 C 252 B 253 C 254 A 255 B 256 C 257 A 258 C 273 C 276 A 277 C 278 B 279 C

Example 190 Dengue Virus Cell-Based Assay

The Dengue virus type 2 strain New Guinea C (NG-C) and the Dengue virus type 4 strain H241 were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, Va.; item numbers VR-1584 and VR-1490, respectively). 24 h prior to dosing, Huh-7.5 cells were plated in 96 well plates at a density of 1.5×10⁵/mL in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% HEPES buffer, 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin and 1% non-essential amino acids (all Mediatech, Manassas, Va.). At the day of infection, serially diluted compounds were added to cells and incubated for 4 h. After the end of the 4 h pre-incubation period, cells were infected with either Dengue virus type 2 NG-C or Dengue virus type 4 H241. The virus inoculum was selected to cause 80-90% cytopathic effect in five to six days. Infected cells were incubated for five (NG-C) to six (H241) days at 37° C., 5% CO₂. To develop the assay, 100 μL media was replaced with 100 μl CellTiter-Glo® reagent (Promega, Madison, Wis.), and incubated for 10 mins at RT. Luminescence was measured on a Victor X3 multi-label plate reader. Potential compound cytotoxicity of was determined using uninfected parallel cultures.

Compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) are active in this assay. The antiviral activity of exemplary compounds is shown in Table 7, where A value of ‘A’ in the table below indicates an IC₅₀ of <1 μM, a value of ‘B’ indicates an IC₅₀<10 μM, and a value of ‘C’ indicates an IC₅₀ value of <100 μM.

TABLE 7 Compound # IC₅₀ 9 B 10 A 13 A 14 B 16 B 25 A 26 A 27 B 28 B 46 C 53 B 55 A 83 A 86 A 88 B 89 B 161 B

Example 191 Dengue Virus Polymerase Inhibition Assay

The enzyme activity of dengue virus NS5 polymerase domain (DENVpol, serotype 2, New Guinea C strain) was measured as an incorporation of tritiated NMP into acid-insoluble RNA products. DENVpol assay reactions contained 100 nM recombinant enzyme, 50 nM heteropolymeric RNA, about 0.5 μCi tritiated NTP, 0.33 μM of competing cold NTP, 40 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 3 mM dithiothreitol, and 2 mM MgCl₂. Standard reactions were incubated for 3 hours at 30° C., in the presence of increasing concentration of inhibitor. At the end of the reaction, RNA was precipitated with 10% TCA, and acid-insoluble RNA products were filtered on a size exclusion 96-well plate. After washing of the plate, scintillation liquid was added and radiolabeled RNA products were detected according to standard procedures with a Trilux Topcount scintillation counter. The compound concentration at which the enzyme-catalyzed rate was reduced by 50% (IC₅₀) was calculated by fitting the data to a non-linear regression (sigmoidal).

The IC₅₀ values were derived from the mean of several independent experiments and are shown in Table 8. Compounds of Formula (I) showed activity in this assay. A value of ‘A’ in the table below indicates an IC₅₀ of <1 μM, a value of ‘B’ indicates an IC₅₀<10 μM, and a value of ‘C’ indicates an IC₅₀ value of <100 μM.

TABLE 8 Compound # IC₅₀ 19 B 29 A 34 A 91 C 92 B 101 B 103 A 110 A 111 B 114 B 115 A 123 B 124 B 147 B 149 B 162 B 163 B 164 C

Example 192 Cell-Based Flavivirus Immuno (CFI) Assay

BHK21 or A549 cells are trypsinized, counted and diluted to 2×10⁵ cells/mL in Hams F-12 media (for A549 cells) or RPMI-1640 media (for BHK21 cells) supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. 2×10⁴ cells are dispensed in clear 96-well tissue culture plate per well and placed at 37° C., 5% CO₂ overnight. On the next day, the cells are infected with viruses at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.3 in the presence of varied concentrations of test compounds for 1 h at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ in the same media. The media containing viruses and the compounds are removed, replaced with fresh medium containing only the test compounds and incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for another 48 h. The cells are washed once with PBS and fixed with cold methanol for 10 mins. After washing twice with PBS, the fixed cells are blocked with PBS containing 1% FBS and 0.05% Tween-20 for 1 h at RT. The primary antibody solution (4G2) is then added at a concentration of 1:20 to 1:100 in PBS containing 1% FBS and 0.05% Tween-20 for 3 h. The cells are then washed three times with PBS followed by 1 hour incubation with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Sigma, 1:2000 dilution). After washing 3 times with PBS, 50 μL of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate solution (Sigma) is added to each well for 2 mins. The reaction is stopped by addition 0.5M sulfuric acid. The plates are read at 450 nm absorbance for viral load quantification. After measurement, the cells are washed 3 times with PBS, followed by incubation with propidium iodide for 5 mins. The plate is read in a Tecan Safire plate reader (excitation 537 nm, emission 617 nm) for cell number quantification. Dose response curves are plotted from the mean absorbance versus the log of the concentration of test compounds. The EC₅₀ is calculated by nonlinear regression analysis. A positive control may be used, such as, for example, N-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin.

Example 193 Cell-Based Flavivirus Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Assay

For testing against West Nile virus or Japanese encephalitis virus, BHK21 cells are trypsinized and diluted to a concentration of 4×10⁵ cells/mL in RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. For testing against dengue virus, Huh7 cells are trypsinized and diluted to a concentration of 4×10⁵ cells/mL in DMEM media supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. A 50 μL of cell suspension (2×10⁴ cells) is dispensed per well in the 96-well optical bottom PIT polymerbase plates (Nunc). Cells are grown overnight in culture medium at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and then infected with West Nile virus (e.g. B956 strain) or Japanese encephalitis virus (e.g. Nakayama strain) at MOI=0.3, or with dengue virus (e.g. DEN-2 NGC strain) at MOI=1, in the presence of different concentrations of test compounds. The plates containing the virus and the compounds are further incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 72 h. At the end of incubation, 100 μL of CellTiter-Glo® reagent is added into each well. Contents are mixed for 2 mins on an orbital shaker to induce cell lysis. The plates are incubated at RT for 10 mins to stabilize luminescent signal. Luminescence reading is recorded using a plate reader. A positive control may be used, such as, for example, N-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin.

Although the foregoing has been described in some detail by way of illustrations and examples for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that numerous and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Therefore, it should be clearly understood that the forms disclosed herein are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but rather to also cover all modification and alternatives coming with the true scope and spirit of the invention. 

1. A method for ameliorating or treating a viral infection comprising contacting a cell infected with the virus with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (I) has the structure:

wherein: B^(1A) is an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; - - - - - - - - is absent or a single bond, provided that both - - - - - - - - are absent or both - - - - - - - - are a single bond; when - - - - - - - - are both absent, then Z¹ is absent, O¹ is OR^(1A), R^(3A) is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4A) is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″B, an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(B1)R″^(B2), or R^(3A) and R^(4A) are both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring; when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, then Z¹ is

O¹ is O, R^(3A) is O; R^(4A) is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(B), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(B1)R″^(B2); and R^(1B) is selected from the group consisting of O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(a1) and R^(a2) are independently hydrogen or deuterium; R^(A) is hydrogen, deuterium, an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl or cyano; R^(1A) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl, an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid,

R^(2A) is hydrogen, halo, an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —CHF₂, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃, —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂ or —CN; R^(5A) is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, OH, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; R^(6A), R^(7A) and R^(8A) are independently selected from the group consisting of absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkenyl,

or R^(6A) is

and R^(7A) is absent or hydrogen; or R^(6A) and R^(7A) are taken together to form a moiety selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6A) and R^(7A), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system; R^(9A) is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl NR^(30A)R^(31A) an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(10A) and R^(11A) are independently an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(12A) and R^(13A) are independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14A) is O⁻, OH or methyl; each R^(15A), each R^(16A), each R^(17A) and each R^(18A) are independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an alkoxy; R^(19A), R^(20A), R^(22A), R^(23A), R^(2B), R^(3B), R^(5B) and R^(6B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(21A) and R^(4B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; R^(24A) and R^(7B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl and

R^(25A), R^(26A), R^(29A), R^(8B) and R^(9B) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(27A1) and R^(27A2) are independently selected from the group consisting of —C≡N, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkoxycarbonyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28A) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl; R^(30A) and R^(31A) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₄ alkyl); R″^(A) and each R″^(B) are independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl; each R″^(B1) and each R″^(B2) are independently hydrogen and an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; m is 0 or 1; p and q are independently 1, 2 or 3; r and s are independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; t is 1 or 2; u and y can be independently 3, 4 or 5; v and w are 1, and Z^(1A), Z^(2A), Z^(3A), Z^(4A), Z^(1B) and Z^(2B) are independently O or S; wherein the virus selected from the group consisting of a Picornaviridae virus and a Flaviviridae virus; and provided that when the Flaviviridae virus is hepatitis C virus, then the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, cannot be selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is a member of the Picornaviridae virus family.
 3. (canceled)
 4. (canceled)
 5. (canceled)
 6. (canceled)
 7. (canceled)
 8. (canceled)
 9. (canceled)
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the virus is a Flaviviridae virus.
 11. (canceled)
 12. (canceled)
 13. (canceled)
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(2A) is hydrogen, halo, —CHF₂ or —CN.
 15. (canceled)
 16. (canceled)
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(2A) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl or an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl.
 18. (canceled)
 19. (canceled)
 20. (canceled)
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(2A) is —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃ or —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂.
 22. (canceled)
 23. (canceled)
 24. (canceled)
 25. (canceled)
 26. (canceled)
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(4A) is H or halo.
 28. (canceled)
 29. (canceled)
 30. (canceled)
 31. (canceled)
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(4A) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(B) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(4A) is N₃ or NR″^(B1)R″^(B2).
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(5A) is H, halo or OH.
 35. (canceled)
 36. (canceled)
 37. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(5A) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl or an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl.
 38. (canceled)
 39. (canceled)
 40. The method of claim 1, wherein - - - - - - - - are both absent.
 41. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(1A) is hydrogen.
 42. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(1A) is an optionally substituted acyl or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid.
 43. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(1A) is


44. The method of claim 43, wherein R^(1A) is

and R^(6A) and R^(7A) are independently absent or hydrogen or R^(6A) is

R^(7A), R^(12A) and R^(13A) are independently absent or hydrogen, R^(14A) is O⁻ or OH; and m is 0 or
 1. 45. (canceled)
 46. (canceled)
 47. The method of claim 43, wherein R^(1A) is

and R^(6A) and R^(7A) are independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted *-(CR^(15A)R^(16A))_(p)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an optionally substituted *-(CR^(17A)R^(18A))_(q)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkenyl.
 48. (canceled)
 49. The method of claim 43, wherein R^(1A) is

and R^(6A) and R^(7A) are independently


50. The method of claim 43, wherein R^(1A) is

and R^(6A) and R^(7A) are independently

or R^(6A) and R^(7A) are taken to together to form a moiety selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6A) and R^(7A), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system.
 51. (canceled)
 52. (canceled)
 53. (canceled)
 54. (canceled)
 55. The method of claim 43, wherein R^(1A) is

and R^(8A) is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl, and R^(9A) is an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative.
 56. (canceled)
 57. (canceled)
 58. (canceled)
 59. (canceled)
 60. (canceled)
 61. (canceled)
 62. (canceled)
 63. The method of claim 43, wherein R^(1A) is

and R^(10A) and R^(11A) are independently an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative.
 64. (canceled)
 65. (canceled)
 66. (canceled)
 67. (canceled)
 68. The method of claim 1, wherein - - - - - - - - are each absent, and R^(3A) is H or halo.
 69. (canceled)
 70. (canceled)
 71. (canceled)
 72. The method of claim 1, wherein - - - - - - - - are each absent, and R^(3A) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(A) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; or R^(3A) and R^(4A) are both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring.
 73. (canceled)
 74. (canceled)
 75. (canceled)
 76. (canceled)
 77. (canceled)
 78. (canceled)
 79. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(A) is hydrogen or deuterium.
 80. (canceled)
 81. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(A) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl or cyano.
 82. (canceled)
 83. (canceled)
 84. (canceled)
 85. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(a1) and R^(a2) are both hydrogen.
 86. The method of claim 1, wherein R^(a1) and R^(a2) are both deuterium.
 87. The use method of claim 1, wherein R^(1A) is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: R^(A2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and NHR^(J2), wherein R^(J2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(K2) and —C(═O)OR^(L2); R^(B2) is halogen or NHR^(W2), wherein R^(W2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(M2) and —C(═O)OR^(N2); R^(C2) is hydrogen or NHR^(O2), wherein R^(O2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(P2) and —C(═O)OR^(Q2); R^(D2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; R^(E2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(R2) and —C(═O)OR^(S2); R^(F2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; Y² and Y³ are independently N or CR^(I2), wherein R^(I2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; W¹ is NH, —NCH₂—OC(═O)CH(NH₂)—CH(CH₃)₂ or —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(1A))₂, wherein W^(1A) is selected from the group consisting of absent, hydrogen and an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(G2) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(H2) is hydrogen or NHR^(T2), wherein R^(T2) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(U2) and —C(═O)OR^(V2); and R^(K2), R^(L2), R^(M2), R^(N2), R^(P2), R^(Q2) R^(R2), R^(S2), R^(U2) and R^(V2) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).
 88. The method of claim 87, wherein B^(1A) is


89. (canceled)
 90. (canceled)
 91. (canceled)
 92. (canceled)
 93. (canceled)
 94. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
 95. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
 96. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
 97. A compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound of Formula (II) has the structure:

wherein: B^(1C) is an optionally substituted heterocyclic base or an optionally substituted heterocyclic base with a protected amino group; - - - - - - - - is absent or a single bond, provided that both - - - - - - - - are absent or both - - - - - - - - are a single bond; when - - - - - - - - are both absent, then Z² is absent, O² is OR^(1C), R^(3C) is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid, R^(4C) is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(D), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(D1)R″^(D2), or R^(3C) and R^(4C) are both an oxygen atom connected via a carbonyl to form a 5-membered ring; when - - - - - - - - are each a single bond, then Z² is

O² is O, R^(3C) is O; R^(4C) is selected from the group consisting of OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(D), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(D1)R″^(D2); and R^(1D) is selected from the group consisting of O⁻, OH, an —O-optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl,

an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(c1) and R^(c2) are independently hydrogen or deuterium; R^(C) is hydrogen, deuterium, an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl or cyano; R^(1C) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted acyl, an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid,

R^(2C) is hydrogen, halo, an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —CHF₂, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃, —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂ or —CN; R^(5C) is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, OH, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; R^(6C), R^(7C) and R^(8C) are independently selected from the group consisting of absent, hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), an optionally substituted *-(CR^(15C)R^(16C))_(f)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted *-(CR^(17C)R^(18C))_(g)—O—C₁₋₂₄ alkenyl,

or R^(6C) is

and R^(7C) is absent or hydrogen; or R^(6C) and R^(7C) are taken together to form a moiety selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6C) and R^(7C), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system; R^(9C) is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, NR^(30C)R^(31C), an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid and an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(10C) and R^(11C) are independently an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid or an optionally substituted N-linked amino acid ester derivative; R^(12C) and R^(13C) are independently absent or hydrogen; R^(14C) is O—, OH or methyl; each R^(15D), each R^(16C), each R^(17C) and each R^(18C) are independently hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl or an alkoxy; R^(19C), R^(20C), R^(22C), R^(23C), R^(2D), R^(3D), R^(5D) and R^(6D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(21C) and R^(4D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; R^(24C) and R^(7D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted —O—C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted —O-aryl, an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl and

R^(25C), R^(26C), R^(29C), R^(8D) and R^(9D) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl and an optionally substituted aryl; R^(27C1) and R^(27C2) are independently selected from the group consisting of —C≡N, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylcarbonyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ alkoxycarbonyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₈ organylaminocarbonyl; R^(28C) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl and an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl; R^(30C) and R^(31C) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₂₄ alkynyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl and an optionally substituted aryl(C₁₋₄ alkyl); R″^(C) and each R″^(D) are independently an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl; each R″^(D1) and each R″^(D2) are independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C₁₋₂₄ alkyl; is 0 or 1, f and g are independently 1, 2 or 3; h and j are independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; b is 1 or 2; k and l is independently 3, 4 or 5; c and d are 1; and Z^(1C), Z^(2C), Z^(3C), Z^(4C), Z^(1D) and Z^(2D) are independently O or S; provided that when R^(2C) is halo; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); B^(1C) is selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein R^(a2) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl or an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, R^(a3) and R^(a4) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an unsubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₃₋₆ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₃₋₆ alkynyl and an unsubstituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, R^(a5) is NHR^(a8), and R^(a6) is hydrogen, halogen or NHR^(a9); R^(a7) is NHR^(a10); R^(a8) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a11) and —C(═O)OR^(a12); R^(a9) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a13) and —C(═O)OR^(a14); R^(a10) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(a15) and —C(═O)OR^(a16); X^(a1) is N or —CR^(al7); R^(a17) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; R^(a11), R^(a12), R^(a13), R^(a14), R¹⁵ and R^(a16) are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl); then R^(3C) is selected from the group consisting of H, halo and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(4C) is selected from the group consisting of OH, halo, N₃, —OC(═O)R″^(D), an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and NR″^(D1)R″^(D2); or then R^(3C) is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) and an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid and R^(4C) is an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; or then R^(1C) is

wherein R^(6C) and R^(7C) are independently

wherein h is 1, 2 or 3,

or then R^(1C) is

wherein R^(6C) and R^(7C) are taken together to form a moiety selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted

and an optionally substituted

wherein the oxygens connected to R^(6C) and R^(7C), the phosphorus and the moiety form a six-membered to ten-membered ring system; provided that when R^(2C) is halo; - - - - - - - - are each a single bond; then R^(4C) is —OC(═O)R″^(D) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; provided that when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃ or —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(3C) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and R^(4C) is halo; then R^(5C) is selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; provided that when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl, —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃ or —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(4C) is halo; and R^(5C) is H or halo; then R^(3C) is H or halo; provided that when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(3C) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; R^(4C) is halo; R^(5C) is H or halo; and R^(1C) is

then at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is

wherein R^(21C) is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; or then at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is

wherein s is 1, 2 or 3; or then at least one of R^(6C) and R^(7C) is

wherein s is 0 and R^(24C) is an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl or an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; provided that when R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl or —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen; - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(3C) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(C) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; R^(4C) is halo; R^(5C) is H or halo; and R^(1C) is

then R^(8C) is

wherein R^(21C) is independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl and an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl; or then R^(8C) is

wherein s is 1, 2 or 3; or then R^(8C) is

wherein s is 0 and R^(24C) is an optionally substituted —O-heteroaryl, an optionally substituted —O-monocyclic heterocyclyl or

provided that when - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OH; R^(2C) is methyl; R^(3C) is OH; then R^(4C) is halo, —OC(═O)R″^(D) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid; and provided that when - - - - - - - - are both absent; Z² is absent; O² is OR^(1C); R^(2C) is fluoro; R^(3C) is OH or —OC(═O)R″^(C); R^(4C) is fluoro; and R^(5C) is methyl, ethyl or ethenyl; then R^(1C) cannot be selected from the group consisting of H,

wherein R^(8C) is an unsubstituted aryl; R^(9C) is

and Z² is oxygen.
 98. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(2C) is hydrogen, halo, —CHF₂ or —CN.
 99. (canceled)
 100. (canceled)
 101. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(2C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ or an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkynyl.
 102. (canceled)
 103. (canceled)
 104. (canceled)
 105. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(2C) is —(CH₂)₁₋₆ halogen, —(CH₂)₁₋₆N₃ or —(CH₂)₁₋₆NH₂.
 106. (canceled)
 107. (canceled)
 108. (canceled)
 109. (canceled)
 110. (canceled)
 111. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(4C) is H.
 112. The compound of claim 97, wherein - - - - - - - - are both absent.
 113. The compound of 112, wherein R^(3C) is H or halo.
 114. (canceled)
 115. (canceled)
 116. (canceled)
 117. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(4C) is H or halo.
 118. (canceled)
 119. (canceled)
 120. (canceled)
 121. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(4C) is OH, —OC(═O)R″^(D) or an optionally substituted O-linked amino acid.
 122. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(4C) is N₃, or NR″^(D1)R″^(D2).
 123. (canceled)
 124. (canceled)
 125. (canceled)
 126. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(5C) is H, halo or OH.
 127. (canceled)
 128. (canceled)
 129. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(5C) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl or an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl.
 130. (canceled)
 131. (canceled)
 132. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(C) is hydrogen or deuterium.
 133. (canceled)
 134. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(C) is an unsubstituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂₋₄ alkenyl or an unsubstituted C₂₋₃ alkynyl.
 135. (canceled)
 136. (canceled)
 137. (canceled)
 138. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(c1) and R^(c2) are both hydrogen.
 139. The compound of claim 97, wherein R^(c1) and R^(c2) are both deuterium.
 140. The compound of claim 97, wherein B^(1C) is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: R^(AA2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen and NHR^(JJ2), wherein R^(JJ2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(KK2) and —C(═O)OR^(LL2); R^(BB2) is halogen or NHR^(WW2), wherein R^(WW2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R^(MM2) and —C(═O)OR^(NN2); R^(CC2) is hydrogen or NHR^(OO2), wherein R^(O2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(PP2) and —C(═O)OR^(QQ2); R^(DD2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; R^(EE2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, —C(═O)R′² and —C(═O)OR^(SS2); R^(FF2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl; Y⁴ and Y⁵ are independently N or CR^(II2), wherein R^(II2) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, an optionally substituted C₂₋₆-alkenyl and an optionally substituted C₂₋₆-alkynyl; W² is NH, —NCH₂—OC(═O)CH(NH₂)—CH(CH₃)₂ or —(CH₂)₁₋₂—O—P(═O)(OW^(2C))₂, wherein W^(2C) is selected from the group consisting of absent, hydrogen and an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(GG2) is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl; R^(HH2) is hydrogen or NHR^(TT2), wherein R^(TT2) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C(═O)R^(UU2) and —C(═O)OR^(VV2); and R^(KK2), R^(LL2), R^(MM2), R^(NN2), R^(PP2), R^(QQ2)R^(RR2), R^(SS2), R^(UU2) and R^(VV2) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, aryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl), heteroaryl(C₁₋₆ alkyl) and heterocyclyl(C₁₋₆ alkyl).
 141. The compound of claim 140, wherein B^(1C) is


142. (canceled)
 143. (canceled)
 144. (canceled)
 145. (canceled)
 146. (canceled)
 147. A compound selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
 148. A compound selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
 149. A compound selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the foregoing.
 150. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of claim 97, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, excipient or combination thereof.
 151. (canceled)
 152. (canceled)
 153. (canceled)
 154. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 155. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 156. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 157. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 158. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 159. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 160. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 161. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 162. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is


163. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 164. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 165. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 166. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 167. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 168. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 169. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 170. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 171. The compound of claim 97, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is 